Glucose Metabolizim

Question 1

Rbcs do only … glycolosis

Answer 1

Anarobes

Question 2

What is the importance of NADH ??

Answer 2

Help in reduction [ add e to the molecule ] of methoglobin to hemoglobin

Question 3

What is the importance of glycolysis ???

Answer 3

Production of NADH to reduce Methemoglobin to hemoglobin

Question 4

Pyrovate to lactate by …

Answer 4

Lactate deydrogenase

Question 5

NAdh is an inhibitor to glycolysisi but nad+ is activater

Answer 5

T

Question 6

What happened when acidification increased in the RBCs ?????

Answer 6

Inhibit the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis PFK1

The cell gonna die

Question 7

Descripe the amount of 2,3BPG in the human how living in the high mountin ????

Answer 7

High high amount

Question 8

NADPH is produced in …..

Answer 8

PPP

Question 9

What is the importance of NADPH ??

Answer 9

Reduction of Glutathion to GSH

Question 10

What is the importance of GSH ?

Answer 10

The reduced form helps in the detoxification in the reactive oxygen species

Question 11

What happened if the ppp enzymes get defective ???????

Answer 11

That will be ROS ——> oxidative stress to the cell

Question 12

What gonna happened if the G6Pd got defected ????

Answer 12

Ppp not completed > less NADPH > No GSH > ROS > RBC hemylosis

Question 13

What person got natural immunity against malaria

Answer 13

Indivisuels with low amount of G6PD ——> low NADPh

Question 14

Methoglobin to hemoglobin by

Answer 14

Methoglobin reductase = NADH cytochrome b5 reductase

Question 15

Methemoglobinemia causes are ?

Answer 15

• The presence of hemoglobin M

* Methemoglobin reductase deficiency -> due to mutations •Toxin-induced production of methemoglobin

Question 16

Methemoglobinemia caused by Hb Ms is inherited in
1-autosomal ressesive
2- autossomal dominant
3- X-linked ressesive 
4- X-linked domenint

Answer 16

autosomal dominant

Question 17

methemoglobin reductase is also called cytochrome b5 reductase because it

Answer 17

has a cytochrome in its active site

Question 18

What is the therpitic way in the Methemoglobin reductase deficiency

Answer 18

Oral administration of methylene blue (100-300 mg/day) decreases met-Hb and reverses the cyanosis

Question 19

What are the drugs that produces methb???

Answer 19

1- acetaminophen 
2- phenacetin
3- sulphanilamide 
4- amyle nitrite 
5- sodium nitroprusside

Question 20

Why poeple hate methoglobin?

Answer 20

1- low solubility

2- accumelate

Question 21

In rbcs the lactate is rapidly exported out by ….

Answer 21

Monocarboxylate transporter [MCT1]

Question 22

H+ is a….inhibitor for pfk1

Answer 22

Allostiric

Question 23

…… pathway is only found in RBCs

Answer 23

2,3-BPG

Question 24

What happened to the 2,3BPG if the tissues need O2 and yet the RBC doesnt have enough ATP

Answer 24

then again the 2,3-BPG pathway will switch off, because RBC needs to maintain enough ATP for iron pumps and to be able to function.

Question 25

iron pumps needs .... to function

Answer 25

ATP

Question 26

the 1st priority is safety of RBC which is having enough ATP,and the 2nd priority is delivering oxygen to peripheral tissues

Answer 26

T

Question 27

Inability to maintain GSH in RBCs leads to

Answer 27

accumulation of H2O2

Question 28

H2O2 causes

Answer 28

❖Peroxidation of membrane lipids and concomitant hemolysis. ❖Oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin.

Question 29

Glutathione removes peroxides via

Answer 29

the action ofglutathione peroxidase.

Question 30

Any defect in the production of NADPH compromises erythrocyte survival

Answer 30

T

Question 31

The main sources of ROS are

Answer 31

mitochondria respiration

Question 32

But RBC doesnt have mitochondria, then where superoxide comes from?

Answer 32

the iron and oxygen share electrons, none of them are ferric or superoxide, they just share those electrons. However, the oxygen might leave the heme pocket as a superoxide radical, and that is a constant process which can be accelerated by some medications/ toxins and also if heme pocket has defect. Even in normal people, alot of superoxide is produced in 24H which is then removed by glutathione

Question 33

Regeneration of reduced glutathione is carried out by the enzyme

Answer 33

glutathione reductase.

Question 34

Disruption in the production of NADPH will compromise cells ability to deal with oxidative stress.

Answer 34

T

Question 35

In order to make reduced glutathione u need ... and ...

Answer 35

1- nadph | 2- H+

Question 36

defect is the most common enzymatic defect in human population

Answer 36

Genetic deficiency of Glucose-6-P Dehydrogenase (G6PD)

Question 37

Genetic deficiency of Glucose-6-P Dehydrogenase (G6PD) can lead to hemolytic anemia, due to

Answer 37

inadequate [NADPH] within red blood cells.

Question 38

The effect of partial deficiency of G6PD

Answer 38

is exacerbated by substances that lead to increased production of peroxides (e.g., the antimalarial primaquine).

Question 39

``` antimalarial primaquine is ... 1- peroxides 2- hydroxade 3- oxidase 4- danase ```

Answer 39

peroxides

Question 40

What happened incase of low activity of G6PD

Answer 40

RBC need only a little push to lyse, this push comes from food/infections/meds/toxins

Question 41

Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase | Functions

Answer 41

Slide 24

Question 42

Oxidative stress leads to

Answer 42

1- Heinz body formation, | 2- extravascular hemolysis

Question 43

Animia with rbcs being prematuerly destroyed is ....

Answer 43

G6PD DEFECINCY