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Cell Biology > Glycolysis > Flashcards

Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the overall reaction of glycolysis?

A

Glucose —-> pyruvate

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2
Q

What are the net products of glycolysis?

A
  • Pyruvate x2
  • NADH x2
  • ATP x2
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3
Q

What are the two phases of glycolysis?

A
  1. Preparation phase (Glucose - G3P)

2. Pay-off phases (1,3-BPG - pyruvate)

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4
Q

What is the significance that G6P is a negatively charged molecule?

A

It traps glucose within the cell

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5
Q

Reaction 1: what is it?

What does it require?

A

Glucose —> Glucose-6-phosphate
ATP
Hexokinase

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6
Q

In which form is the ATP used in reaction 1 supplied?

A

MgATP

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7
Q

Reaction 2: what is it?

What does it require?

A

Glucose-6-phosphate —-> Fructose-6-phosphate

Phosphoglucose isomerase

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8
Q

Reaction 3: what is it?

What does it require?

A

Fructose-6-phosphate —> Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate
Phosphofructokinase-1
Uses ATP

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9
Q

Reaction 4: What is it?

What does it require?

A

Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate —-> Glyceraldehyde-3-phophate + Dihydroxyacetone glycerate
Requires aldolase

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10
Q

Reaction 5: What is it?

What does it require?

A

Dihydroxyacetone glycerate —-> Glyceraldehyde-3-phophate

Requires triose phosphate isomerase

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11
Q

Reaction 6: What is it?

What does it require?

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phophate —-> 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate
Requires glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Produces 2 NADH

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12
Q

Reaction 7: What is it?

What does it require?

A

1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate —-> 3-phosphoglycerate
Requires phosphoglycerate kinase
Produces 2 ATP

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13
Q

Reaction 8: What is it?

What does it require?

A

3-phosphoglycerate —-> 2-phosphoglycerate

Requires phosphoglyceromutase

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14
Q

Reaction 9: What is it?

What does it require?

A

2-phosphoglycerate ——>phosphoenol pyruvate
Requires enolase
Produces H2O

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15
Q

Reaction 10: What is it?

What does it require?

A

Phosphoenol pyruvate —-> pyruvate
Requires pyruvate kinase
Produces 2 ATP

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16
Q

Which is the only reaction involving ATP that is reversible?

A

Reaction 7: 1, 3-BPG —> 3-PG

17
Q

Why is arsenate poisonous?

A

Practically identical to phosphate so substitutes it meaning a different product is formed and an ATP-producing step is skipped

18
Q

At which reaction does arsenate substitute phosphate?

A

At reaction 6 to form 1-arseno-3-phosphoglycerate

19
Q

In anaerobic conditions, what reaction does pyruvate undergo?

A

Pyruvate —–> lactate
catalysed by lactate dehydrogenase
produces NAD

20
Q

At what three points is glycolysis regulated?

A
  • PFK-1
  • Hexokinase
  • Pyruvate kinase
21
Q

How is hexokinase regulated?

A

Regulated by glucose-6-phosphate

22
Q

Why is regulation at hexokinase not a major point?

A

Because glucose can also be converted to glycogen

23
Q

How is pyruvate kinase regulated?

A

Inhibited by ATP and acetyl CoA

Activated by fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate

24
Q

What is pyruvate kinase activated by?

A

Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate

25
Q

What is pyruvate kinase inhibited by?

A

ATP and acetly CoA

26
Q

How is phosphofructokinase-1 regulated?

A

Inhibited by ATP

Inhibition is reversed by AMP

27
Q

How is PFK-1 inhibited?

A

Inhibited by ATP as at high levels, ATP allosterically inhibits PFK-1 thus lowering the affinity of PFK-1 for fructose-6-phosphate

28
Q

How is the inhibition of PFK-1 reversed?

A

Inhibition is reversed by AMP

29
Q

What is Tarui disease?

A

A disease that prevents the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate —> fructose-1, 6-phosphate

30
Q

Give examples of symptoms of Tarui disease?

A

Muscle fatigue and cramping

31
Q

How many forms of hexokinase are there?

A

Four. I to IV

32
Q

Which forms of hexokinase are known as glucokinase?

A

I and IV

33
Q

Where can glucokinase be found?

A

In hepatocytes

34
Q

Difference between hexokinase and glucokinase

A

Hexokinase works at maximum rate at minimum levels of glucose
Glucokinase doesn’t reach maximum rate until [glucose] is much higher

35
Q

What does glucokinase do?

A

Helps the liver to buffer blood glucose

36
Q

Hexokinase II

A

Molecule in open configuration when no glucose molecule is bound
After binding –> closed configuration

37
Q

Per glucose molecule, what is the net yield of glycolysis?

A

2xPyruvate, 2xNADH, 2xATP

Cell Biology (21 decks)

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