GPT LUPALS PH Flashcards
(20 cards)
What is a cohort study used to measure?
Incidence and relative risk in populations over time.
What is a key feature of cross-sectional studies?
They measure prevalence at a single point in time.
What is the purpose of logistic regression?
To predict the probability of a binary outcome.
What is meant by health promotion?
Planned activities aimed at improving health and preventing illness in populations.
How is heritability investigated in epidemiology?
Through twin and adoption studies assessing genetic vs environmental influences.
What is a GWAS used for?
To identify genetic variants associated with diseases using SNP analysis.
What is the role of NICE in UK healthcare?
To assess cost-effectiveness and recommend treatments for the NHS.
What does the term ‘years of life lost’ mean?
It quantifies the impact of premature mortality in a population.
What does ‘R0’ represent in epidemiology?
The average number of secondary cases produced by one infection in a susceptible population.
How can healthcare systems reduce environmental impact?
By improving efficiency, reducing waste, and using sustainable procurement.
What does stratification achieve in study design?
It reduces confounding by analyzing subgroups separately based on key variables.
What is an odds ratio?
The odds of an event occurring in one group compared to another; used in case-control studies.
What is a forest plot used for?
To visualize the results of multiple studies in a meta-analysis, including confidence intervals.
What is the inverse care law?
The principle that those who need medical care the most are least likely to receive it.
What is absolute risk reduction?
The difference in event rates between treatment and control groups.
What is the NNT (Number Needed to Treat)?
The number of patients that need to be treated to prevent one additional bad outcome.
What are sensitivity and specificity?
Sensitivity: true positive rate. Specificity: true negative rate.
What is a screening programme’s main goal?
To detect disease early in asymptomatic individuals to allow timely intervention.
What is Poisson regression used for?
Modeling count data, such as number of hospital visits.
What is the Wilson and Jungner criteria?
Principles guiding whether a screening programme should be introduced.
