GPT PH Flashcards
(50 cards)
What are the main outputs of epidemiological study designs used for?
To assess incidence, prevalence, and different measures of risk.
Why is health promotion important and what activities are involved?
It improves public health through education, policy, and behaviour change strategies.
What is a cohort study and what does it show?
A study that follows groups over time to measure incidence and assess risk factors.
How do social and environmental factors affect disease risk?
Factors like occupation and socio-economic status influence exposure and health outcomes.
What is the role of health economics in healthcare?
To inform decisions on resource allocation, service efficiency, and policy-making.
What are key measures in health economics?
Cost, benefit, effectiveness, efficacy, and utility.
How does legislation support health promotion?
By enforcing policies like tobacco advertising bans and smoke-free spaces.
What is a systematic review and meta-analysis?
Research methods that combine and summarize results from multiple studies.
Why might governments intervene in health promotion?
To reduce preventable diseases and address social determinants of health.
How is exposure measured in epidemiological studies?
Through methods such as surveys, biomonitoring, and environmental sampling.
What is an HSMR and what is it used for?
Hospital Standardised Mortality Ratio; used to compare death rates across hospitals.
What is case-mix and why is it important?
Variation in patient characteristics; it complicates hospital performance comparisons.
What is the difference between absolute and relative risk?
Absolute risk is the actual chance of an event; relative risk compares risks between groups.
What is regression modelling used for in epidemiology?
To account for multiple variables influencing a health outcome.
Why is data governance important in health research?
To protect confidentiality and ensure ethical data use.
What do sensitivity and specificity measure?
Sensitivity: true positive rate. Specificity: true negative rate.
What are criteria for evaluating screening programmes?
Effectiveness, cost, sensitivity, specificity, and population impact.
Why are health service evaluations conducted?
To assess service quality, effectiveness, and efficiency.
What are the main types of health economic evaluations?
Cost-benefit, cost-effectiveness, cost-utility, cost-minimisation, and cost-consequence.
What principles guide communicable disease control?
Surveillance, vaccination, hygiene, isolation, and outbreak response.
What is Râ‚€ and why is it important?
The basic reproduction number; indicates how infectious a disease is.
How are communicable diseases managed in healthcare workers?
Through screening, vaccination, exclusion policies, and infection control.
What statistical tests compare treatment groups?
Chi-squared test, t-test, and analysis of proportions or rates.
How is healthcare quality measured?
Via clinical outcomes, patient satisfaction, and process adherence.
