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Immunology and Microbiology > Gram Negative Bacteria B > Flashcards

Gram Negative Bacteria B Flashcards

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1
Q

Neisseria Species

A

Gram Negative
Aerobic Diplococci
sex pili, non motile

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2
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

Gram neg cocci
Gonorrhea
NON capsulated

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3
Q

Neisseria meningitidis

A

Meningitis
Encapsulated
Gram neg cocci

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4
Q

How is gonorrhea transmitted?

A

Between humans through intimate contact of mucous membrane

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5
Q

pyogenic in Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

pus like discharge containing polymorphonuclear leukocyte

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6
Q

Which antibiotic is recommended to N. gonorrhoeae and why?

A

Cephalosporins because it is resistant to several antibiotics

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7
Q

Symptoms of N. gonorrhoeae in males

A

urethral like discharge, prostatitis and periurethral abscess

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8
Q

Symptoms of N. gonorrhoeae in females

A

vaginal discharge, abdominal pain, abnormal menstrual bleeding

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9
Q

Enterobacteriaceae characteristics

A

gram negative rods; most pathogenic and encountered
Glucose fermenters, oxidase negative

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10
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

A

Normal microflora of upper respiratory tract

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11
Q

What can H. influenzae cause? (3)

A

Otitis media
Sinusitis
Bronchitis

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12
Q

large gram negative rods of Enterobacteriaceae are associated with

A

intestinal infections, found in almost all natural habitats

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13
Q

what does Enterobacteriaceae cause?

A

Meningitis, bacillary dysentery, typhoid and food poisoning

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14
Q

Treatment of H. influenzae

A

Quinolones, Aminoglycosides, Cephalosporins

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15
Q

Which bacteria is most common cause of acute bacterial meningitis in infants and young children?

A

H. influenzae

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16
Q

E. coli is the number one

A

cause of UTIs

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17
Q

What diseases are E. coli linked to?

A

pneumonia, meningitis and traveler’s diarrhea

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18
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Opportunistic gram negative
Strictly aerobic
Catalase positive rod
Glucose/lactose non fermenters

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19
Q

What does E. coli produce from undigested material in the large intestine?

A

Vitamin K

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20
Q

Endotoxin of E. coli leads to

A

severe cases of diarrhea

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21
Q

Treatment for E. coli

A

do not place on antibiotics due to severe shock
the only exception - UTI - amoxicillin/augmentin, cephalosporins, Macrobid and sulfa drugs

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22
Q

Shigella dysenteriae
characteristics

A

gram negative rod, facultative anaerobe
Lactose non fermenter

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23
Q

toxin in Shigella dynsenteriae

A

shiga toxin
potent A-B type toxin with 1 A and 5 B subunits

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24
Q

The shiga toxin

A

prohibits protein synthesis and leads to cell death

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25
Treatments for shigella dysenteriae
sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, azithromycin and ciprofloxacin
26
What does shigella dysenteriae lead to?
diarrhea and fever (dysentery)
27
Transmission of salmonella
through uncooked meats and eggs Chickens are the main reservoir
28
What does Salmonella lead to?
Intestinal infection: diarrhea, vomiting, chills, headache
29
2 types of Salmonella bacteria
S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis
30
S. typhi
only carried in humans causes typhoid fever Lactose non fermenter
31
typhoid fever symptoms
fever, diarrhea, and inflammation of the infected organs
32
treatment of typhoid fever
cipro, ceftriaxone, bactrim and amoxil
33
Edwardsiella tarda characteristics
produces hydrogen sulfide, found in aquatic animals and reptiles
34
What does Edwardsiella Tarda cause?
gastroenteritis and wound infections
35
Two forms of Citrobacter and what they cause
C. freundii - can cause diarrhea and extra intestinal infections C. diversus - meningitis in newborns
36
An example of Serratia
Serratia marcescens
37
what does S. marcescens cause?
can cause UTIs, wound infections and pneumonia
38
Klebsiella pneumoniae characteristics
large, non motile, produces large sticky colonies in nutrient media, heat stable enterotoxin, R plasmids
39
Klebsiella pneumoniae is common in
hospitals (pneumonia and UTIs)
40
Kliebeslla is second only to
E. coli that causes UTIs
41
R plasmids
confers resistance to ampicillin; can be transferred to enteric bacteria
42
Treatment for Klebsiella pneimoniae
Quinolones, AMinoglycosides and Cephalosporins
43
Enterobacter characteristics
similar to Klebsiella but ornithine positive, part of the normal flora, can cause opportunistic infections, highly motile
44
Two types of Enterobacter and what they cause
E. aerogenes and E. cloacae both cause UTI and URI (NO DIARRHEA)
45
Treatment for Enterobacter
Penicillins, aminoglycosides, Bactrim
46
What does Proteus cause?
UTI infections and hospital acquired infections
47
Proteus ( P. Mirabilis, P. Vulgaris)
gram neg, lactose non fermenter, oxidase negative, aerobes, highly motile, forms swarming colonies
48
Treatment for Proteus
broad spectrum penicillins or cephalosporins
49
Morganella (M. Morganii) causes
UTI infections, wound infections and diarrhea
50
Treatment for Morganella
Chloramphenicol
51
Enterobacteriales lactose fermenters (4)
Escherichia coli Citrobacter spp. Klebsiella spp. Serratia spp.
52
Enterobacteriales Lactose non fermenters (6)
Morganella Proteus Providencia Salmonella Shigella Yersinia
53
What does Pseudomonas aeruginosa cause?
Wound infections Meningitis Abscesses Burns Septicemia
54
Treatment of P. aeurginosa
Two antibiotics at once due to resistance Gentamicin, Ticarcillin/Clavulanate
55
Vibrios and Curved Rods
Gram negative, facultatively anaerobic, bacillus
56
V. cholerae type responsible for cholera epidemic
'O'-somatic Ag
57
Cholera
Acute, diarrheal illness
58
How do you get cholera?
Contaminated water and food with feces Raw shellfish
59
Legionella pneumophila
Gram negative, intracellular parasites, motile, rod or coccoid shaped, aerobic, use amino acids for energy
60
Diseases associated with L. pnemonphila
Legionnaires' Disease Pontiac Fever Respiratory transmission-pneumonia
61
Treatment of L. pneumophila
Penicillins or aminoglycosides
62
Spirochaetes
Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira
62
Treponema pallidum
motile, gram negative, microaerophilic spirochaetes, do not survive well outside of host
63
How is treponema pallidum transmitted?
Direct sexual contact Mother to fetus Not highly contagious
64
Common inoculation sites of treponema pallidum
Cervix or vagina Penits
65
Primary disease process of treponema pallidum
Invasion of mucous membrane Rapid multiplication Wide dissemination through lymphatics Systemic circulation prior to development of lesion
66
Primary lesion of Syphilis
Resolved by fibrotic walling-off
67
Secondary lesion of Syphilis
Highly contagious Host enters latent period
68
Tertiary syphilis
Localized dermal cancer-like lesions few organisms are present and reflects immunologic reaction of host
69
Jarisch-Herxheimer
Symptoms of fever, muscle pains, headache, tachycardia Caused by cytokines released by immune system in response to lipoproteins released from rupturing syphilis
70
Treatment of Syphilis
IM injection of penicillin Penicillin G & Azithromycin
71
Borrelia recurrentis
Relapsing fever (tick, famine)
72
Treatment of Borrelia recurrentis
Penicillins, Tetracylines, Macrolides
73
Borrelia burgdorferi
Lyme Disease
74
Three stages of Borrelia burgdorferi
1. Unique skin lesion with general malaise 2. Subsequent stage have neurological or cardiac involvement 3. Migrating episodes of non-destructive arthritis transmitted by hard body ticks
75
Treatment of Borrelia burgdorferi
Acute illness with phenoxymethylpenicillin or tetracycline
76
Leptospira interrogans causes
Weil's disease Acute febrile jaundice and nephritis
77
How is Leptospira interrogans transmitted?
To humans from variety of animal hosts
78
What does Leptospira interrogans infect?
Infects kidneys and organisms are shed in urine, with renal failure and death not uncommon
79
Acinetobacter baumanii
Gram negative rod, opportunistic War against antibiotic resistant pathogens
80
Treatment of Acinetobacter baumanii
Penicillin
81
Enterobacteriae lactose fermenters
E. Coli, Klebsiella, citrobacter and serratia
82
What leads to an increase in N. gonnorhoeae?
Birth control pills - change the pH leads to inc infection
83
E. coli strains with potentially lethal toxins (5)
O157:H7, O121, O145, O26, O104:H21
84
Why do we not treat E. coli with antibiotics
endotoxin from dead E. coli leads to endotoxemia
85
difference between dysentery and diarrhea
dysentery has presence of erythrocytes, don't go as often as diarrhea
86
salmonellosis
inflammation of the intestine caused by Salmonella
87
Paratyphoid fever
similar tot typhoid; caused by S. paratyphi A,B or C
88
P. mirabilis
proteus, causes UTI and wound infections
89
Hib
haemophilus influenzane type B; causes virtually all human disease
90
Pseudomonas aeruginosa characteristics
blue green pigment pyocyanin catalase positive rod strictly aerobic opportunistic can grow without nutrition
91
Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces
an extracellular protease which aids to its virulence
92
what serogroup of vibrio is responsible for classic epidemic cholera
O1 and O139

Immunology and Microbiology (22 decks)

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