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HIV Flashcards

1
Q

Retrovirus

A

enveloped (+) ssRNA (two copies)
medium sized
contain reverse transcriptase

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2
Q

first human retrovirus

A

human T cell lymphotropic virus

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3
Q

simple vs complex retroviruses

A

simple - contain gag, pol, env genes
complex - gag, pol, env and other genes

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4
Q

retroviruses replicate

A

through DNA intermediate that integrates into the host chromosome

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5
Q

two most important retroviruses

A

deltaretrovirus and lentivirus

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6
Q

for retroviruses, there are many

A

different groupings (ex: alpha retrovirus, beta retrovirus, etc.)

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7
Q

deltaretrovirus

A

bovine leukemia virus
cancer causing - Human T- lymphotropic virus

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8
Q

Lentivirus

A

human immunodeficiency virus
slow onset of disease
causes neurological disorders/immunosuppression
have type D cylindrical core

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9
Q

classification of retroviruses is based on

A

diseases they cause
tissue tropism
host range
vision morphology
genetic complexity

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10
Q

rex and tax

A

HTLV genes
rex - regulation of RNA splicing and promotion of export to cytoplasm
tax - transactivation of viral and cellular genes

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11
Q

HIV primarily targets

A

CD4+ T cells

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12
Q

Viral glycoprotein spikes

A

bind CD4
trimer of gp120 and qp41

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13
Q

after binding to the receptor, the HIV virus then must bind to a

A

secondary receptor (co receptor)
CCR5 or CXCR4

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14
Q

CCR5

A

co receptor used upon initial infection of HIV
expressed on CD4 T cells

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15
Q

CXCR4

A

co receptor used during chronic infection of HIV

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16
Q

HIV origin

A

from chimpanzee in Central America
passed to humans when they hunted/ate them
late 1800s –> America in 1970s

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17
Q

HIV classification

A

HIV-1 - more virulent, more infective (major group M and minor groups with subtypes)
HIV-2 - largely confined to West Africa (8 subtypes)

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18
Q

HIV life cycle

A
  1. binding
  2. fusion
  3. reverse transcription
  4. integration
  5. transcription and translation
  6. assembly
  7. release
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19
Q

mechanisms of viral entry

A
  1. initial interaction between gp120 and CD4
  2. conformational change of gp120
  3. interaction with CCR5
  4. distal tips of gp41 inserted into cell membrane
  5. gp41 conformational change
  6. fusion of membranes
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20
Q

HIV transmission

A

sexual contact
exposure to infected body fluids or tissues
mother to child

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21
Q

Risk of HIV transmission routes

A

blood transfusion
child birth
needle sharing

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22
Q

prevalence of HIV

A

1.2 million people in US have, 13% don’t know they have it
new HIV infections have been declining

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23
Q

largest percentage of people living with HIV

A

in africa

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24
Q

stages of HIV infection

A
  1. acute HIV infection
  2. chronic HIV infection
  3. AIDS
25
acute HIV infection
large amount of HIV in blood very contagious flu-like symptoms
26
what can diagnose acute HIV infection?
antigen/antibody tests or nucleic acid tests
27
chronic HIV infection
asymptomatic HIV infection/latency HIV active but produced in low amounts HIV can still be transmitted
28
At the end of the chronic HIV infection stage,
HIV in the blood (viral load) goes up and CD4 cell count goes down
29
AIDS
most severe phase of HIV infection damaged immune system --> opportunistic infection high viral load very infectious
30
without treatment, people with AIDS
typically survive for about 3 years
31
AIDS diagnoses and deaths have been
decreasing proof that the drugs are working!
32
symptoms of HIV vs AIDS
AIDS symptoms are more severe (ex: meningitis, tumors) and HIV symptoms are more flu like (ex: myalgia, thrush)
33
Laboratory diagnoses of HIV
Home Access HIV-1 test system OraQuick In-Home HIV test RT-PCR
34
Real time RT-PCR can be used for testing in HIV to
quantitate the amount of virus in the blood gives information about the amount of viral load
35
for HIV testing, western bot analysis can be used as a
conformation test
36
HIV medicines _____________ HIV, they help people _____________
don't cure live longer lives
37
HIV medicines prevent
HIV from advancing to AIDS
38
HIV medicines reduce
the risk of HIV transmission (this doesn't mean do it raw, wear a condom!!)
39
types of HIV medications that block viral entry
fusion inhibitors (enfuvitide - Fuzeon) CCR5 antagonists (maraviroc - Selzentry) Post attachment inhibitors (ibalizumab - Trogarzo)
40
NRTIs and examples
nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors abacavir, emtricitabine, lamivudine, tenofivir disoproxil fumarate, zidovudine
41
how do NRTIs work?
they bind to the DNA chain and terminate it OR they bind to reverse transcriptase and denature it
42
NNRTIs and examples
non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors ***-virine's*** doravirine (Pifeltro) efavirenz (Sustiva) etravirine (Intelence) nevirapine (Viramune XR) rilpivirine (Edurant)
43
INIs and examples
Integrase inhibitors ***-gravir's*** dolutegravir (Tivicay) raltegravir (Isentress)
44
integrase inhibitors block
integration into the host genome
45
PIs and examples
protease inhibitors ***-navir's*** atazanavir darunavir fosamprenavir ritonavir saquinavir tipranavir
46
does HIV have a vaccine or cure?
NO
47
HAART cocktail
slows progression of the disease NNRTI and two NRTIs
48
challenges for vaccine development for HIV
subtypes circulating recombinant forms unique recombinants
49
a successful vaccine for HIV must
block initial infection and elicit neutralizing antibody and cell mediated immunity
50
antigenicity diversity of HIV
primary target of neutralizing antibody, gp120, is different for the different HIV clades
51
HIV undergoes __________ due to high mutation rate and recombination
immune escape
52
prevention of HIV
safe sex drug use (the HAART cocktail) blood screens
53
the risk of transmitting HIV to the unborn child is
low 15-30%
54
HTLV is associated with
leukemias, sarcomas and lymphomas in many animals
55
HTLV is not ________ but __________
cytolytic transformative
56
HTLV is endemic in
southern japan, the Caribbean, and central africa
57
HTLV is usually ___________ but can progress to ______
asymptomatic ATLL
58
effective treatment for HLTV
AZT and interferon alpha

Immunology and Microbiology (22 decks)

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