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Engelska Tentamen > Grammer > Flashcards

Grammer Flashcards

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1
Q

A word class…

A

… is a category of words with characteristics related both to grammatical form and to meaning

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2
Q

What are the word classes?

A

Noun
Verb
Adjective
Adverbs
Pronouns
Numerals
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections

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3
Q

A grammatical phrase…

A

… is a string of words which functions as a meaningful unit based in a head word.
… can consist of just one word

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4
Q

A clause element…

A

… is a string of word that fulfills a grammatical function in a particular clause.

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5
Q

What is a noun?

A

A noun’s the name of any thing; as school or garden, hoop or swing

-a person
- a substance
- a feeling
- a phenomenon
- a quality

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6
Q

What is a verb?

A

Verbs tell of something being done; to read, count, sing, laugh, jump or run.

  • states of being
  • what goes on in our heads
  • what we experience with our senses
  • relations between different people, things and ideas
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7
Q

What different types of verbs are there?

A
  • main (lexical) verbs: can stand in their own
  • auxiliaries: which do not normally stand on their own but tighter with main verb (may, will)
  • regular verb: which are inflected with -ed
  • irregular verb: which are inflected in other ways
  • dynamic verbs: expressing action (dance)
  • stative verbs: expressing states, relations
  • intransitive verb: which do not take an object
  • transitive verbs: which take and object
  • linking verbs
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8
Q

All the tenses?

A

Present tense (I sing)
Past tense (I sang)
Present perfect (I have sung)
Past perfect (I had sung)
Future (I will sing)
Conditional construction (if… I would sing)
Simple or progressive ( I sing- I am singing)

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9
Q

What are adjectives?

A

And adjective is often formed by adding a suffix like -able, -ful, -ish, -less, -like, -ous and -y.
Can be
-be graded (very old)
- be compared (old, older, oldest)
- become adverbs if we ad -ly
- occurs just before nouns
- be uses with linking verbs

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10
Q

What are adverbs?

A

Used to answer questions such as…
… when?
… where?
… how?
… to what extent?

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11
Q

Which are the pronouns?

A

Personal- she, they, us
Reflexive- myself, themselves
Possessive- his, their
Demostrative- this, those
Interrogative- who, whose
Relative- who, that
Exclamatory- what, such
Quantifying- all, every, some

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12
Q

What is grammar?

A

Grammar is the rules of a language governing the sounds, words, sentences and other elements as well as theirs combination and interpretation.

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13
Q

Two types of grammar

A

Prescriptive grammar
-Tells a you how a language “should be used”.
-Consists of rules.
- Assumes that there is one proper varieties of language.

Descriptive grammar:
- describes how language is actually used
- can also distinguish between right and wrong but based on what people acutely do.

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14
Q

What is a grammatical phrase and which are they?

A

A phrase consist of one or more words. If there is more than one word there is always a head. There are five different phrase types:

  • noun phrase
  • verb phrase
  • adjective phrase
  • adverb phrase
  • prepositional phrase
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15
Q

Types of determiner

A
  • an article “the, a”
  • a pronoun “her, these”
  • a noun phrase in genitive “Pooh’s”
    Functions:
    (in)defininteness- a, the
    Quantification- some, many
    Possession- Pooh’s
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16
Q

Types of premodifier

A
  • an adjective (a “long” way)
  • a noun (a “marble” monument)
  • a noun in the genitive (a “girl’s” school)
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17
Q

Types of postmodifier

A
  • a prepositional phrase
  • a dependent clause introduced by a wh-word
    -a dependent clause introduced by a past participle
    -a dependent clause introduced by a verb in the -ing form
    -a dependent clause introduced by a verb in the infinitive
  • a adjective
  • an adverb
  • another noun phrase
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18
Q

Different nouns

A

Noun
/. \
Proper noun. Common noun
/. \
Countable. Uncountable
/. \
Singular. Plural

Proper noun give specific names to people, places, days of the week, months, holidays etc. All other nouns are called common nouns. Proper napkins start with a capital letter. An uncountable noun can refer to a kind I substance or an abstract phenomenon.

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19
Q

What is an indefinite article?

A
  • a/an
    -main function is to introduce something new
  • with uncountable and in the plural “some” and “any” can be used unite the same way as “a/an” in singular.
  • it is also used after “as”
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20
Q

What is a definite article?

A
  • the
  • main function is to point to something
  • is is used before certain adjectives: corresponding, following, last, left-hand, next, opposite, present, present and previous, right, right-hand, sane and wrong.
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21
Q

What are the three finite verb forms?

A
  • the present tense form “leaves”
  • the past tense form “watched”
  • the imperative form “keep
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22
Q

What are the three non-finite verb forms?

A
  • the invite, with or without “to” “to keep”
  • the present participle (or the -ing form) used in the progressive construction “keeping”
  • the past participle “has kept”
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23
Q

A main verb is either…

A

… transitive, which means that it is used with a object
… intransitive which means that no object is used
… or a linking verb which means that it occurs tighter with a predicative

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24
Q

Auxiliaries combined with main verbs form the things as…

A
  • passive constructions and the progressive form “was”
  • negations and questions “don’t”
  • the present perfect and the past perfect “had”
  • expressions of possibility or probability
  • expressions of obligation “ has to”
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25
How can the auxiliaries be divided?
Primary auxiliaries- be, do and have Modal auxiliaries- can, may, must and will
26
When are articles not used?
- before uncountable nouns - before proper nouns - gentle statements with plural countable nouns - abstract ideas - data of the week - names of shops - names of most countries
27
Generic and specific sense?
With uncountable: - “Love” is kind (generic) - I have been married to “the love” of kig life for 20 years (specific) With plural forms: - “tigers” are faster than lions (generic) - the condition for “the tigers” were bad (specific)
28
What is the difference between modal and primary auxiliaries?
They are different from primary since they only occur in finite verb forms, that is… … they have no infinitive form (* to can) … they have no -ing form (*canning) … they have no last participle form (* have/had canned)
29
Different meaning expressed by modal auxiliaries?
- ability - future - obligation - permission - probability - volition (vilja)
30
Can- could
Can is used in questions and statements to express several different meaning: ability, probability, permission and offer.
31
May-might
May has two functions, to talk about permission and probability.
32
Must-have/got/to
Must and have/got/to express obligation and probability.
33
Will- would
Will expresses volition, future, probability and habit or typicality. In the first of these function/, will is normally only used in questions and negative statements.
34
Shall- should
It is mainly used in the first person, in Justin asking for advice or inductions, for suggesting something and in statements about the future.
35
Difference between regular and irregular verbs?
Main verbs are either regular or irregular. Regular verbs are all inflected in the same way (look- looked- looked). There is verbs that are not inflected, so called irregular verbs.
36
Problematic irregular verb:
- the spelling of the different forms of the irregular verb choose: choose in infinitive and the present tense and chose in the past tense - the difference between spelling or the adjective loose (lös) and the irregular verb lose “förlora) - the different forms used with h the irregular verbs lie and lay: intransitive lie-lay-lain and transitive lay-laid-laid
37
Present tense
“I love grammar” In the majority of cases the present tense is used to refer to present time.
38
What are the rules on how to use the right verb form of the verb in present tense?
- if the head of the noun phrase making up the subject is in the third person singular (he, she, it) then out an -s on the verb (and use has, is, was) “She was” - if the head of the main phrase making up the subject is plural do not put an -s in the verb ( and use have, are, were) “They are”
39
When do you use “are” and when do you use “is”?
Are- plural Is- singular
40
Past tense
“I loved grammar when I was a child” Refers to something that happens at a certain time in the past.
41
Present prefect
“I have always loved grammar” Is mainly used to describe something that has (or has not) happen at an unspecified time in the past and is often related in some way to the present.
42
Future
“Soon you will love grammar too” Is expressed by other constructions, two most frequent ones being shall/will and be going to.
43
Conditional constructions
“I would love grammar if…” Is used to talk about something which could or would happen provided a certain condition is fulfilled. - shall/will/be going to - would - would have
44
The progressive and the simple form
The progressive aspect of a verb is typically yes to deceive that something is going on at the moment of speaking, was gaining in at aim point in the past or will be gaping on some time in the future. When a verb is not in the progressive form we say that it is in the simple form. The function of the simple form is to describe something permanent or a habit.
45
Main function of simple present
Main function: - to describe a habit - to describe something that is total of the subject or a timeless statement - to describe a state or relation - to describe an action that lasts only a moment - to perform a action by saying something - to describe something that took place in the past in a dramatic way - to ask for or give directions - to talk about the future
46
Main function of present progressive
- to describe something going in for a limited period of time happening at the time of speaking - to describe something going in for a limited person of time happening around the time of speaking but not exactly at the same time - to describe a change in progress - to describe something temporary - to talk about the future - to express politeness
47
What is a subject?
- comes before the first verb in a statement and after the first verb I an question. Types of subject: - a noun phrase - a dependent clause introduced by a wh-word - a dependent clause introduced by a verb in the -ing form - a dependent clause introduced by a verb in infinitive
48
What is a verb element?
The element in the clause that is called the verb.
49
What is an object?
Comes edger the subject and predicate verb. There is a direct and indirect object.
50
What is a predicative?
- tends to come after the subject and the verb in a clause. - the predicative provides information about the subject or the object - comes after linking verb: appear, be, become, end up, feel, get, grow, look, turn, stay, smell… - types of predicative: •Adjective phrase •Noun phrase • dependent clause, wh- word • dependent clause, verb in -ing form • dependent clause verb in the infinitive • a numeral
51
What is an adverbial?
-When, where, how often, why - types of adverbial: •adverb phrase • prepositional phrase • noun phrase
52
There are two different types of clauses which?
Main clause: - can stand on its own - be coordinated with another main clause by a word like “and” or “but” - ore includes on or more dependent clauses Dependent clause
53
How to recognize a dependency clause?
Introduced by one of the following: - a subordinator (as, if, since, that, until, whereas) - a relative pronoun ( who, whom, which, that, whose) - an interrogative pronoun (who, whom, whose, which, who ever, whichever, whatever) - the infinitive marker (to)
54
What is the infinitive marker?
To
55
When a verb carries time what do we refer to?
Finite
56
An adverb…
… can modify a verb, adjective, another adverb or a whole clause.
57
How is an adverb formed?
- either by a suffix to an adjective -ly or to a noun - if the adjective ends in -le, the e disappears - if it ends with an -e it is kept when -ly is added - if it ends in -y it is changed into -i - if it ends up -ic the ending is -ally
58
What is the functions of adverbs?
- adverbial - premodifier in an adjective phrase - premodifier in an adverb phrase - premodifier in a noun phrase - postmodifier in a noun phrase - prepositional complement
59
Adverbial structures
- an adverb phrase - prepositional phrase - noun phrase - a finite dependent clause - non-finite dependent clause - verbless clause
60
Different adverbial?
Time Manner Place
61
Difference between a and an
A is used before a noun that starts with a consonant sound. An is used before a noun that starts with a vowel sound.

Engelska Tentamen (6 decks)

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