Grand Theories

Question 1

Wie schaut das Modell der Action Regulation Theory aus?

Answer 1

Question 2

Wie denkt die Action Regulation Theory Handeln/Action?

Answer 2

The theory conceives action as goal-directed behavior that needs to be cog- nitively regulated.

Question 3

Action Regulation Theory

Was sind die vier Ebenen der Action Regulation?

Answer 3

1. Sensorimotor or skill level
2. level of flexible action patterns
3. intellectual level
4. heuristic level

Question 4

Action Regulation Theory

Beschreib das “Sensorimotor or skill level”

Answer 4

stereotyped and automatic movement sequences that are carried out without conscious attention (e.g., typing on a keyboard, shifting gears in the car)

Question 5

Action Regulation Theory

Beschreib das “level of flexible action patterns”

Answer 5

action schemata that do not require con-scious representation and are tailored to situationally defined parameters (e.g., a res- taurant visit)

Question 6

Action Regulation Theory

Beschreib das “intellectual level”

Answer 6

conscious regulation of new actions in a complex environment (e.g., solving a math problem or a conflict among employees)

Question 7

Action Regulation Theory

Beschreib das “heuristic level”

Answer 7

metacognitive strategies, such as general problem-solving approaches that are pursued either consciously or automatically (e.g., always try- ing to identify positive aspects of a challen- ging situation)

Question 8

Was ist die Kernaussage der Social Cognitive Theory?

Answer 8

learning is influenced by the social context

Question 9

Social Cognitive Theory

Welche fünf Faktoren beeinflussen Lernen?

Answer 9

1. Capabilities to show a behavior
2. Replication of other people‘s actions through observational learning
3. Internal and external reinforcements
4. Outcome expectations
5. Self-efficacy

Question 10

Wie sieht die Social Cognitive Theory Menschen?

Answer 10

Humans proactively shape their environment and development

Question 11

Social Cognitive Theory

Wann ist Lernen am effektivsten?

Answer 11

Learning is most effective when self-efficacy is high, which can be achieved

Question 12

Wodurch kann Selbstwirksamkeit zum Beispiel erhöht werden?

Answer 12

1. mastery experiences
2. vicarious or social modeling of another person that the observer identifies with
3. verbal persuasion, which entails encouragement to motivate a person
4. positive physical and emotional states that enable someone to learn

Question 13

Worauf fokussiert sich die Self-Determination Theory?

Answer 13

Focuses on explaining why and when, human behavior is self-determined or intrinsically motivated.

Question 14

Self-Determination Theory

Welche Aufgaben erhöhen intrinsische Motivation?

Answer 14

Tasks that fulfill the human needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness increase intrinsic motivation.

Question 15

Self-Determination Theory

Wann können extrinsische Faktoren intrinsiche Motivation verringern?

Answer 15

Extrinsic factors can lower intrinsic motivation if they impede the fulfillment of the below needs:
- autonomy
- competence
- relatedness

Question 16

Was ist die Kernaussage der Person-Environment Fit Theory?

Answer 16

Characteristics of the person and the environment need to be well matched.

Question 17

Person-Environment Fit Theory

Wann ergibt sich ein guter Fit?

Answer 17

For a good fit, the abilities of the individual should meet the demands of the job and the supplies should satisfy the individuals needs.

Question 18

Welche Dimensionen hat die Person-Environment Fit Theory?

Answer 18

1. Type of fit
2. Level of work environment where the fit is achieved
3. Generality or specificity of the fit
4. Objectivity or subjectivity of the fit
5. Static vs. Dynamic fit

Question 19

Person-Environment Fit Theory

Was hat einen größeren Einfluss auf die Individuelle Haltung zum Job?
Person-Environment Fit or the job performance

Answer 19

The Person-Environment Fit influences individuals attitudes about their work more than their job performance

Question 20

Was ist die Kernaussage der Role Theory?

Answer 20

Individuals occupy multiple social roles which influence their behavior in predictable ways.
Roles can be domain-specific or may influence behavior in different life domains (e.g., being a woman).

Question 21

Was ist die Kernaussage der Role Theory?

Welche individuellen Bereiche beeinflusst das akzeptieren einer Rolle?

Answer 21

Accepting a role and its expectations as legitimate influences not only behavior but also cognitions and emotions.
→ Over time a role can become part of an individual‘s identity

Question 22

Welche Faktoren können nach der Role Theory zu einem schlechteren Wohlbefinden führen?

Answer 22

High demands, role ambiguity, role conflict or lacking support can impede the ability to fulfill a role and can lead to reduced well-being

Question 23

Was ist die Kernaussage der Conservation of Resources Theory?

Answer 23

Individuals are motivated to build and protect resources, the loss of resources is seen as a threat.

Question 24

Was sind Ressourcen nach der Conservation of Resources Theory?

Answer 24

all things with value for an individual

Question 25

Was sorgt nach der Conservation of Resources Theory für Stress?

Answer 25

Stress results from the threat of losing a resource, the actual loss or the
failure of gaining resources after an investment of other resources

Question 26

Conservation of Resources Theory

Was hat einen größeren Einfluss?
Ressourcenverlust oder -gewinn

Answer 26

Resource loss has a stronger impact than resource gain

Question 27

Worauf fokussiert sich die Social Exchange Theory?

Answer 27

Focuses on the explanation of interactions and transactions between two parties (e.g., employment relationship between employee and organization)

Question 28

Was sagt die Social Exchange Theory über Geschenke für Mitarbeiter?

Answer 28

Incentives offered by the organisation should be in balance with the effort the employee invests for a satisfying social exchange

Question 29

Social Exchange Theory

Was besagt die Norm of reciprocity?

Answer 29

the felt obligation to reciprocate a given inducement → can also lead to less effort or leaving of employees

Question 30

Was ist die Kernaussage der Control Theory?

Answer 30

the negative (or discrepancy redu- cing) feedback loop to get to a goal

Question 31

Woraus besteht eine negative Feedbackschleife?

Answer 31

• a goal
• an input function (current state)
• a comparator and
• an output function (behavior)

Question 32

Control Theory

Wie sind negative Feedbackschleifen angeordnet?

Answer 32

Hierarchisch, sodass eine Ausgabe einer Schleifer höherer Ordnung äquivalent zu dem Ziel einer Schleife niedriger Ordnung ist

Question 33

Welche zwie Fit-Typen gibt es laut der Person-Environment Fit Theory?

Answer 33

• supplementary fit
• complementary fit

Question 34

Person-Environment Fit Theory

Was ist ein supplementary fit?

Answer 34

exists when a worker has similar characteristics to other individuals in their work en- vironment

Question 35

Person-Environment Fit Theory

Was ist ein complementary fit?

Answer 35

exists when the exchange between the worker and the work environment is asymmetrical

Question 36

Was ist die Kernaussage der Lifespan Developmental Perspective?

Answer 36

development is not predetermined and that there is much within-person modifiability in psychologi- cal development that can be influenced by individual and contextual factors

Question 37

Conservation of Resources Theory

Was besagt das Prinzip ressource investment?

Answer 37

people have to invest existing resources to protect themselves against resource loss, to recover from loss, and to gain additional resources

Question 38

Was ist social identity?

Answer 38

Tajfel’s (1978) defined social identity as »that part of an individual’s self-concept which derives from his knowledge of his membership in a social group (or groups) together with the value and emotional significance attached to that membership

Question 39

Was ist accentuation?

Answer 39

social categorization processes lead people to cognitively minimize differences among in-group members, and to maximize differences between in-group and outgroup members