GRE Psychology CH 12-15 Flashcards
(186 cards)
1
Q
Aggression
A
any behavior or action that involves the intention to harm someone else
2
Q
Altruism
A
the providing of help when it is needed, without any apparent reward for doing so
3
Q
Attitudes
A
the evaluation of objects, events, or ideas
4
Q
Attributions
A
people’s causal explanations for why events or actions occur
5
Q
Bystander intervention effect
A
the failure to offer help by those who observe someone in need
6
Q
Cognitive dissonance
A
an uncomfortable mental state due to conflicts between attitudes or between attitudes and behavior
7
Q
Compliance
A
the tendency to agree to do things requested by others
8
Q
Conformity
A
the altering of one’s opinions or behaviors to match those of others or to match social norms
9
Q
Deindividuation
A
a phenomenon of low self-awareness, in which people lose their individuality and fail to attend to personal standards
10
Q
Discrimination
A
the inappropriate and unjustified treatment of people based solely on their group membership
11
Q
Elaboration likelihood model
A
a theory of how persuasive messages lead to attitude changes
12
Q
Explicit attitudes
A
attitudes that people can report
13
Q
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
A
the extent to which people feel frustrated predicts the likelihood that they will be aggressive
14
Q
Fundamental attribution error
A
the tendency to overemphasize personal factors and underestimate situational factors in explaining behavior
15
Q
Implicit attitudes
A
attitudes that influence our feelings and behavior at an unconscious level
16
Q
Ingroup favoritism
A
the tendency for people to evaluate favorably and privilege members of the ingroup more than members of the outgroup
17
Q
Nonverbal behavior
A
the facial expressions, gestures, mannerisms, and movements by which one communicates with others
18
Q
Personal attributions
A
explanations that refer to internal characteristics, such as abilities, traits, moods, and effort
19
Q
Persuasion
A
the active and conscious effort to change attitudes through the transmission of a message
20
Q
Prejudice
A
the usually negative affective or attitudinal responses associated with stereotypes
21
Q
Prosocial
A
tending to benefit others
22
Q
Self-fulfilling prophecy
A
people’s tendency to behave in ways that confirm their own or others’ expectations
23
Q
Situational attributions
A
explanations that refer to external events, such as the weather, luck, accidents, or the actions of other people
24
Q
Social loafing
A
the tendency for people to work less hard in a group than when working alone
25
Social norms
expected standards to conduct, which influence behavior
26
Stereotypes
cognitive schemas that allow for easy, fast processing of information about people based on their membership in certain groups
27
Behavioral approach system (BAS)
the brain system involved in the pursuit of incentives or rewards
28
Behavioral inhibition system (BIS)
the brain system that is sensitive to punishment that therefore inhibits behavior that might lead to danger or pain
29
Defense mechanisms
unconscious mental strategies the mind uses to protect itself from conflict and distress
30
Ego
in psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that tries to satisfy the wishes of the id while being responsive to the dictates of the superego
31
Five-factor theory
the idea that personality can be described using five factors: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
32
Humanistic approaches
approaches to studying personality that emphasize personal experience and belief systems; they propose that people seek personal growth to fulfill their human potential
33
Id
in psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that is completely submerged in the unconscious and operates according to the pleasure principle
34
Idiographic approaches
person-centered approaches to studying personality that focus on individual lives and how various characteristics are integrated into unique persons
35
Interactionists
theorists who believe that behavior is determined jointly by underlying dispositions and situations
36
Nomothetic approaches
approaches to studying personality that focus on how people vary across common traits
37
Objective measures
relatively direct assessments of personality, usually based on information gathered through self-report questionnaires or observer ratings
38
Personality
the characteristic thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviors that are relatively stable in an individual over time and across circumstances
39
Personality trait
a characteristic; a dispositional tendency to act in a certain way over time and across circumstances
40
Personality types
discrete categories based on global personality characteristics
41
Projective measures
personality tests that examine unconscious processes by having people interpret ambiguous stimuli
42
Psychodynamic theory
Freudian theory that unconscious forces, such as wishes and motives, influence behavior
43
Psychosexual stage
according to Freud, the developmental stages that correspond to the pursuit of satisfaction of libidinal urges
44
Self-serving bias
the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors
45
Situationism
the theory that behavior is determined more by situations than by personality traits
46
Sociometer
an internal monitor of social acceptance or rejection
47
Superego
in psychodynamic theory, the internalization of societal and parental standards of conduct
48
Temperaments
biologically based tendencies or feel or act in certain ways
49
Trait approach
an approach to studying personality that focuses on the extent to which individuals differ in personality dispositions
50
Agoraphobia
an anxiety disorder marked by fear of being in situations, escape may be difficult or impossible
51
Antisocial personality disorder
a personality disorder marked by a lack of empathy and remorse
52
Assessment
in psychology, examination of a person's mental state to diagnose possible psychological disorders
53
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a disorder characterized by restless, inattentive, and impulsive behaviors
54
Autism
a developmental disorder involving deficits in social interaction, impaired communication, and restricted interests
55
Bipolar disorder
a mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania
56
Borderline personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by identity, affective, and impulse disturbances
57
Cognitive-behavioral approach
a diagnostic model that views psychopathology as the result of learned, maladaptive cognitions
58
Delusions
false personal beliefs based on incorrect inferences about reality
59
Diathesis-stress model
a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event
60
Disorganized behavior
acting in strange or unusual ways, including strange movement of limbs, bizarre speech, and inappropriate self-care, such as failing to dress properly or bathe
61
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
the occurrence of two or more distinct identities in the same individual
62
Dysthymia
a form of depression that is not severe enough to be diagnosed as major depression
63
Etiology
factors that contribute to the development of a disorder
64
Family systems model
a diagnostic model that considers symptoms within an individual as indicating problems within the family
65
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
diffuse state of constant anxiety unassociated with any specific object or event
66
Hallucinations
false sensory perceptions that are experienced without an external source
67
Learned helplessness model
a cognitive model of depression in which people feel unable to control events around them
68
Loosening of associations
a speech pattern among schizophrenic patients in which their thoughts are disorganized or meaningless
69
Major depression
a disorder characterized by severe negative moods or a lack of interest in normally pleasurable activities
70
Multiaxial system
the system used in the DSM that provides assessment along five axes describing important mental health factors
71
Negative symptoms
symptoms of schizophrenia marked by deficits in functioning such as apathy, lack of emotion, and slowed speech and movement
72
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
an anxiety disorder characterized by frequent intrusive thoughts and compulsive actions
73
Panic disorder
an anxiety disorder characterized by sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror
74
Positive symptoms
symptoms of schizophrenia, such as delusions and hallucinations, that are excesses in behavior
75
Psychopathology
a disorder of the mind
76
Schizophrenia
a mental disorder characterized by alterations in perceptions, emotions, thoughts, or consciousness
77
Sociocultural model
a diagnostic model that views psychopathology as the result of interaction between individuals and their cultures
78
Anti-anxiety drugs
a class of psychotropic medications used for the treatment of anxiety
79
Antidepressants
a class of psychotropic medications used to treat depression
80
Antipsychotics
a class of drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other disorders that involve psychosis
81
Applied behavioral analysis (ABA)
an intensive treatment for autism, based on operant conditioning
82
Biological therapies
treatment based on medical approaches to illness and to disease
83
Client-centered therapy
an empathic approach to therapy; it encourages personal growth through greater self-understanding
84
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
a therapy that incorporates techniques from behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy to correct faulty thinking and change maladaptive behaviors
85
Cognitive restructuring
a therapy that strives to help patients recognize maladaptive thought patterns and replace them with ways of viewing the world that are more in tune with reality
86
Cognitive therapy
treatment based on the idea that distorted thoughts produce maladaptive behaviors and emotions
87
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
a form of therapy used to treat borderline personality disorder
88
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
a procedure used to treat depression; it involves administering a strong electrical current to the patient's brain
89
Exposure
a behavioral therapy technique that involves repeated exposure to an anxiety-producing stimulus or situation
90
Expressed emotion
a pattern of interactions that includes emotional over-involvement, critical comments, and hostility directed toward a patient by family members
91
Insight
a goal of some types of therapy; a patient's understanding of his or her own psychological processes
92
Psychotherapy
the generic name given to formal psychological treatment
93
Psychotropic medications
drugs that affect mental processes
94
any behavior or action that involves the intention to harm someone else
Aggression
95
the providing of help when it is needed, without any apparent reward for doing so
Altruism
96
the evaluation of objects, events, or ideas
Attitudes
97
people's causal explanations for why events or actions occur
Attributions
98
the failure to offer help by those who observe someone in need
Bystander intervention effect
99
an uncomfortable mental state due to conflicts between attitudes or between attitudes and behavior
Cognitive dissonance
100
the tendency to agree to do things requested by others
Compliance
101
the altering of one's opinions or behaviors to match those of others or to match social norms
Conformity
102
a phenomenon of low self-awareness, in which people lose their individuality and fail to attend to personal standards
Deindividuation
103
the inappropriate and unjustified treatment of people based solely on their group membership
Discrimination
104
a theory of how persuasive messages lead to attitude changes
Elaboration likelihood model
105
attitudes that people can report
Explicit attitudes
106
the extent to which people feel frustrated predicts the likelihood that they will be aggressive
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
107
the tendency to overemphasize personal factors and underestimate situational factors in explaining behavior
Fundamental attribution error
108
attitudes that influence our feelings and behavior at an unconscious level
Implicit attitudes
109
the tendency for people to evaluate favorably and privilege members of the ingroup more than members of the outgroup
Ingroup favoritism
110
the facial expressions, gestures, mannerisms, and movements by which one communicates with others
Nonverbal behavior
111
explanations that refer to internal characteristics, such as abilities, traits, moods, and effort
Personal attributions
112
the active and conscious effort to change attitudes through the transmission of a message
Persuasion
113
the usually negative affective or attitudinal responses associated with stereotypes
Prejudice
114
tending to benefit others
Prosocial
115
people's tendency to behave in ways that confirm their own or others' expectations
Self-fulfilling prophecy
116
explanations that refer to external events, such as the weather, luck, accidents, or the actions of other people
Situational attributions
117
the tendency for people to work less hard in a group than when working alone
Social loafing
118
expected standards to conduct, which influence behavior
Social norms
119
cognitive schemas that allow for easy, fast processing of information about people based on their membership in certain groups
Stereotypes
120
the brain system involved in the pursuit of incentives or rewards
Behavioral approach system (BAS)
121
the brain system that is sensitive to punishment that therefore inhibits behavior that might lead to danger or pain
Behavioral inhibition system (BIS)
122
unconscious mental strategies the mind uses to protect itself from conflict and distress
Defense mechanisms
123
in psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that tries to satisfy the wishes of the id while being responsive to the dictates of the superego
Ego
124
the idea that personality can be described using five factors: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
Five-factor theory
125
approaches to studying personality that emphasize personal experience and belief systems; they propose that people seek personal growth to fulfill their human potential
Humanistic approaches
126
in psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that is completely submerged in the unconscious and operates according to the pleasure principle
Id
127
person-centered approaches to studying personality that focus on individual lives and how various characteristics are integrated into unique persons
Idiographic approaches
128
theorists who believe that behavior is determined jointly by underlying dispositions and situations
Interactionists
129
approaches to studying personality that focus on how people vary across common traits
Nomothetic approaches
130
relatively direct assessments of personality, usually based on information gathered through self-report questionnaires or observer ratings
Objective measures
131
the characteristic thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviors that are relatively stable in an individual over time and across circumstances
Personality
132
a characteristic; a dispositional tendency to act in a certain way over time and across circumstances
Personality trait
133
discrete categories based on global personality characteristics
Personality types
134
personality tests that examine unconscious processes by having people interpret ambiguous stimuli
Projective measures
135
Freudian theory that unconscious forces, such as wishes and motives, influence behavior
Psychodynamic theory
136
according to Freud, the developmental stages that correspond to the pursuit of satisfaction of libidinal urges
Psychosexual stage
137
the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors
Self-serving bias
138
the theory that behavior is determined more by situations than by personality traits
Situationism
139
an internal monitor of social acceptance or rejection
Sociometer
140
in psychodynamic theory, the internalization of societal and parental standards of conduct
Superego
141
biologically based tendencies or feel or act in certain ways
Temperaments
142
an approach to studying personality that focuses on the extent to which individuals differ in personality dispositions
Trait approach
143
an anxiety disorder marked by fear of being in situations, escape may be difficult or impossible
Agoraphobia
144
a personality disorder marked by a lack of empathy and remorse
Antisocial personality disorder
145
in psychology, examination of a person's mental state to diagnose possible psychological disorders
Assessment
146
a disorder characterized by restless, inattentive, and impulsive behaviors
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
147
a developmental disorder involving deficits in social interaction, impaired communication, and restricted interests
Autism
148
a mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania
Bipolar disorder
149
a personality disorder characterized by identity, affective, and impulse disturbances
Borderline personality disorder
150
a diagnostic model that views psychopathology as the result of learned, maladaptive cognitions
Cognitive-behavioral approach
151
false personal beliefs based on incorrect inferences about reality
Delusions
152
a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event
Diathesis-stress model
153
acting in strange or unusual ways, including strange movement of limbs, bizarre speech, and inappropriate self-care, such as failing to dress properly or bathe
Disorganized behavior
154
the occurrence of two or more distinct identities in the same individual
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
155
a form of depression that is not severe enough to be diagnosed as major depression
Dysthymia
156
factors that contribute to the development of a disorder
Etiology
157
a diagnostic model that considers symptoms within an individual as indicating problems within the family
Family systems model
158
diffuse state of constant anxiety unassociated with any specific object or event
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
159
false sensory perceptions that are experienced without an external source
Hallucinations
160
a cognitive model of depression in which people feel unable to control events around them
Learned helplessness model
161
a speech pattern among schizophrenic patients in which their thoughts are disorganized or meaningless
Loosening of associations
162
a disorder characterized by severe negative moods or a lack of interest in normally pleasurable activities
Major depression
163
the system used in the DSM that provides assessment along five axes describing important mental health factors
Multiaxial system
164
symptoms of schizophrenia marked by deficits in functioning such as apathy, lack of emotion, and slowed speech and movement
Negative symptoms
165
an anxiety disorder characterized by frequent intrusive thoughts and compulsive actions
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
166
an anxiety disorder characterized by sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror
Panic disorder
167
symptoms of schizophrenia, such as delusions and hallucinations, that are excesses in behavior
Positive symptoms
168
a disorder of the mind
Psychopathology
169
a mental disorder characterized by alterations in perceptions, emotions, thoughts, or consciousness
Schizophrenia
170
a diagnostic model that views psychopathology as the result of interaction between individuals and their cultures
Sociocultural model
171
a class of psychotropic medications used for the treatment of anxiety
Anti-anxiety drugs
172
a class of psychotropic medications used to treat depression
Antidepressants
173
a class of drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other disorders that involve psychosis
Antipsychotics
174
an intensive treatment for autism, based on operant conditioning
Applied behavioral analysis (ABA)
175
treatment based on medical approaches to illness and to disease
Biological therapies
176
an empathic approach to therapy; it encourages personal growth through greater self-understanding
Client-centered therapy
177
a therapy that incorporates techniques from behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy to correct faulty thinking and change maladaptive behaviors
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
178
a therapy that strives to help patients recognize maladaptive thought patterns and replace them with ways of viewing the world that are more in tune with reality
Cognitive restructuring
179
treatment based on the idea that distorted thoughts produce maladaptive behaviors and emotions
Cognitive therapy
180
a form of therapy used to treat borderline personality disorder
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
181
a procedure used to treat depression; it involves administering a strong electrical current to the patient's brain
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
182
a behavioral therapy technique that involves repeated exposure to an anxiety-producing stimulus or situation
Exposure
183
a pattern of interactions that includes emotional over-involvement, critical comments, and hostility directed toward a patient by family members
Expressed emotion
184
a goal of some types of therapy; a patient's understanding of his or her own psychological processes
Insight
185
the generic name given to formal psychological treatment
Psychotherapy
186
drugs that affect mental processes
Psychotropic medications
