Significant Figures Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
Sigmund Freud
A
1856-1939; Field: psychoanalytic personality; Contributions: id/ego/superego reality and pleasure principles ego ideal defense mechanisms (expanded by Anna Freud) psychoanalysis transference
2
Q
Anna Freud
A
1895-1982; Field: psychoanalysis; Contributions: focused on child psychoanalysis fully developed defense mechanisms emphasized importance of the ego and its constant struggle
3
Q
Carl Jung
A
1875-1961; Field: neo-Freudian analytic psychology; Contributions: people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation
4
Q
Erik Erikson
A
1902-1994; Field: neo-Freudian humanistic; Contributions: created an 8-stage theory to show how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting “Who am I?”
5
Q
Lawrence K_hlberg
A
1927-1987; Field: cognition moral development; Contributions: created a theory of moral development that has 3 levels; focuses on moral reasoning rather than overt behavior
6
Q
Carol Gilligan
A
1936-pres; Field: cognition; Contributions: maintained that K_hlberg’s work was developed by only observing boys and overlooked potential differences between the habitual moral judgments of boys and girls; girls focus more on relationships than laws and principles
7
Q
William James
A
1842-1910; Field: functionalism; Contributions: studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; Studies: Pragmatism The Meaning of Truth
8
Q
William Wundt
A
1832-1920; Field: structuralism voluntarism; Contributions: introspection basic units of experience; Studies: 1st psychological laboratory in world at University of Leipzig
9
Q
BF Skinner
A
1904-1990; Field: behavioral; Contributions: created techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism’s behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior; Studies: Skinner box
10
Q
John B Watson
A
1878-1958; Field: behaviorism; Contributions: generalization-inductive reasoning emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; Studies: Little Albert
11
Q
Jean Piaget
A
1896-1980; Field: cognition; Contributions: created a 4-stage theory of cognitive development said that two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth (assimilation and accommodation)
12
Q
Harry Harlow
A
1905-1981; Field: development; Contributions: realized that touch is preferred in development; Studies: Rhesus monkeys studied attachment of infant monkeys (wire mothers v. cloth mothers)
13
Q
Carl Rogers
A
1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth unconditional positive regard fully functioning person
14
Q
Abraham Maslow
A
1908-1970; Field: humanism; Contributions: hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual’s motivation as long as they are unsatisfied self-actualization transcendence
15
Q
Karen Horney
A
1885-1952; Field: neo-Freudian psychodynamic; Contributions: criticized Freud stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts neurotic trends
16
Q
Alfred Adler
A
1870-1937; Field: neo-Freudian psychodynamic; Contributions: basic mistakes style of life inferiority/superiority complexes childhood influences personality formation; Studies: Birth Order
17
Q
Gordon Allport
A
1897-1967; Field: trait theory of personality; Contributions: list of 11,000 traits 3 levels of traits-cardinal central and secondary
18
Q
Hermann Rorschach
A
1884-1922; Field: personality psychoanalysis; Contributions: developed one of the first projective tests the Inkblot test which consists of 10 standardized inkblots where the subject tells a story the observer then derives aspects of the personality from the subject’s commentary
19
Q
Solomon Asch
A
1907-1996; Field: social psychology; Contributions: studied conformity found that individuals would conform even if they knew it was wrong; Studies: conformity opinions and social pressures
20
Q
Stanley Schachter
A
1922-present; Field: emotion; Contributions: stated that in order to experience emotions a person must be physically aroused and know the emotion before you experience it
21
Q
Stanley Milgram
A
1933-1984; Field: social psychology; Contributions: wanted to see how the German soldiers in WWII fell to obedience wanted to see how far individuals would go to be obedient; Studies: Shock Study
22
Q
Philip Zimbardo
A
1933-present; Field: social psychology; Contributions: proved that peoples behavior depends to a large extent on the roles they are asked to play; Studies: Stanford Prison Study-studied power of social roles to influence people’s behavior
23
Q
Elizabeth K˜bler-Ross
A
1926-2004; Field: development; Contributions: 5 stages the terminally ill go through when facing death (1. death 2. anger/resentment 3. bargaining with God 4. depression 5. acceptance)
24
Q
Elizabeth Loftus
A
1944-present; Field: memory; Contributions: expert in eyewitness testimony (false memories or misinformation effect); Studies: Reconstruction of Auto. Destruction Jane Doe Case (repressed memories of Nicole Taus’ sex abuse)
25
Robert Sternberg
1949-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: devised the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (academic problem-solving practical and creative)
26
Albert Bandura
1925-present; Field: sociocultural; Contributions: pioneer in observational learning stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls children mimicked play
27
Raymond Cattell
1905-1998; Field: intelligence; Contributions: fluid & crystal intelligence; 3 domains of personality sphere (personality ability & motivation) 16 Personality Factors (personality test)
28
Aaron Beck
1921-present; Field: cognitive; Contributions: father of Cognitive Therapy created Beck Scales-depression inventory hopelessness scale suicidal ideation anxiety inventory and youth inventories
29
Noam Chomsky
1928-present; Field: language; Contributions: disagreed with Skinner about language acquisition stated there is an infinite # of sentences in a language humans have an inborn native ability to develop language
30
Edward Thorndike
1874-1949; Field: behaviorism; Contributions: Law of Effect-relationship between behavior and consequence; Studies: Law of Effect with cats
31
HJ Eysenck
1916-1997; Field: personality; Contributions: asserted that personality is largely determined by genes used introversion/extroversion
32
Mary Ainsworth
1913-1999; Field: development; Contributions: compared effects of maternal separation devised patterns of attachment; Studies: The Strange Situation-observation of parent/child attachment
33
Kenneth Clark
1914-2005; Field: social psychology; Contributions: research evidence of internalized racism caused by stigmatization; Studies: Doll experiments-black children chose white dolls
34
Lev Vygotsky
1896-1934; Field: child development; Contributions: investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development zone of proximal development; play research
35
Martin Seligman
1942-present; Field: learning; Contributions: Positive Psychology learned helplessness; Studies: Dogs demonstrating learned helplessness
36
Howard Gardner
1943-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: devised the theory of multiple intelligences (logical-mathematic spatial bodily-kinesthetic intrapersonal linguistic musical interpersonal naturalistic)
37
Kurt Lewin
1890-1947; Field: social psychology; Contributions: German refugee who escaped Nazis proved the democratic style of leadership is the most productive; Studies: Leadership syles-studied effects of 3 leadership styles on children completing activities
38
Ivan Pavlov
1891-1951; Field: Gastroenterology; Contributions: developed foundation for classical conditioning discovered that a UCS naturally elicits a reflexive behavior; Studies: dog salivation
39
Hermann Ebbinghaus
1850-1909; Field: memory; Contributions: 1st to conduct studies on forgetting: first a rapid loss followed by a gradual declining rate of loss; Studies: memory-series of meaningless syllables/words
40
Benjamin Whorf
1897-1941; Field: language; Contributions: his hypothesis is that language determines the way we think
41
Robert Rosenthal
1933-present; Field: social psychology; Contributions: focus on nonverbal communication self-fulfilling prophecies; Studies: Pygmalion Effect-effect of teacher's expectations on students
42
Judith Langlois
dates ?; Field: developmental; Contributions: social development & processing effects of appearance on behavior origin of social stereotypes sex/love/intimacy facial expression
43
David Rosenhan
dates?; Field: social psychology; Contributions: proved that once you are diagnosed with a disorder your care would not be very good in a mental health setting; Studies: Hospital experiment-checked into hospital to check diagnosis
44
Daniel Goleman
1946-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: emotional intelligence
45
Charles Spearman
1863-1945; Field: intelligence; Contributions: found that specific mental talents were highly correlated concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled 'g' (general ability)
46
Albert Ellis
1913-2007; Field: cognitive-behavioral; Contributions: Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET) focuses on altering client's patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions
47
Harry Stack Sullivan
1892-1949; Field: psychoanalysis; Contributions: groundwork for enmeshed relationships developed the Self-System-a configuration of personality traits
48
Robert Yerkes
187601956; Field: intelligence comparative; Contributions: social behavior of gorillas/chimps Yerkes-Dodson law-level of arousal as related to performance
49
Alfred Binet
1857-1911; Field: testing; Contributions: general IQ tests designed test to identify slow learners in need of remediation-not applicable in the U.S. because too culture-bound (French)
50
Little Albert
ca. 1920; Field: behaviorism; Contributions: subject in John Watson's experiment proved classical conditioning principles: Studies: Little Albert-generalization of fear
51
Karl Wernicke
1848-1905; Field: perception; Contributions: area of left temporal lobe involved language understanding; Studies: person damaged in this area uses correct words but they do not make sense
52
Ernst Weber
1795-1878; Field: perception; Contributions: just-noticeable-difference (JND) that eventually becomes Weber's law; Studies: 1st study on JND
53
Gustav Fechner
1801-1887; Field: perception; Contributions: stated that the magnitude of a sensory experience is proportionate to the # of JND's that the stimulus causing the experiences above the absolute threshold
54
Mary Cover-Jones
1896-1987; Field: learning; Contributions: systematic desensitization maintained that fear could be unlearned
55
Robert Zajonc
1923-present; Field: motivation; Contributions: believes that we invent explanations to label feelings
56
Henry Murray
1893-1988; Field: intelligence testing; Contributions: devised the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) with Christina Morgan stated that the need to achieve varied in strength in different people and influenced their tendency to approach and evaluate their own performances
57
Paul Ekman
1934-present; Field: emotion; Contributions: found that facial expressions are universal
58
Clark Hull
1884-1952; Field: motivation; Contributions: maintains that the goal of all motivated behavior is the reduction or alleviation of a drive state mechanism through which reinforcement operates
59
David McClelland
1917-1998; Field: intelligence testing; Contributions: devised a way to measure Murray's theory (TAT) developed scoring system for TAT's use in assessing achievement motivation not the TAT
60
Francis Galton
1822-1911; Field: differential psychology AKA "London School" of Experimental Psychology; Contributions: behavioral genetics maintains that personality & ability depend almost entirely on genetic inheritance; Studies: Twin Studies-compare identical & fraternal twins Hereditary Genius-used bell curve for normal distribution & "Law of Errors"-differences in intellectual ability
61
Charles Darwin
1809-1882; Field: geology biology; Contributions: transmutation of species natural selection evolution by common descent; Studies: "The Origin of Species" catalogs his voyage on the Beagle
62
Lewis Terman
1877-1956; Field: testing; Contributions: revised Binet's IQ test and established norms for American children
63
Phineas Gage
1823-1860; Field: neurobiology; Contributions: 1st person to have a frontal lobotomy (by accident) his accident gave information on the brain and which parts are involved with emotional reasoning
64
William Sheldon
1898-1977; Field: personality; Contributions: theory that linked personality to physique on the grounds that both are governed by genetic endowment: endomorphic (large) mesomorphic (average) and ectomorphic (skinny)
65
David Weschler
1896-1981; Field: testing; Contributions: established an intelligence test especially for adults (WAIS)
66
Walter B. Cannon
1871-1945; Field: motivation; Contributions: believed that gastric activity as in empty stomach was the sole basis for hunger; Studies: inserted balloons in stomachs
67
1856-1939; Field: psychoanalytic personality; Contributions: id/ego/superego reality and pleasure principles ego ideal defense mechanisms (expanded by Anna Freud) psychoanalysis transference
Sigmund Freud
68
1895-1982; Field: psychoanalysis; Contributions: focused on child psychoanalysis fully developed defense mechanisms emphasized importance of the ego and its constant struggle
Anna Freud
69
1875-1961; Field: neo-Freudian analytic psychology; Contributions: people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation
Carl Jung
70
1902-1994; Field: neo-Freudian humanistic; Contributions: created an 8-stage theory to show how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"
Erik Erikson
71
1927-1987; Field: cognition moral development; Contributions: created a theory of moral development that has 3 levels; focuses on moral reasoning rather than overt behavior
Lawrence K\_hlberg
72
1936-pres; Field: cognition; Contributions: maintained that K\_hlberg's work was developed by only observing boys and overlooked potential differences between the habitual moral judgments of boys and girls; girls focus more on relationships than laws and principles
Carol Gilligan
73
1842-1910; Field: functionalism; Contributions: studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; Studies: Pragmatism The Meaning of Truth
William James
74
1832-1920; Field: structuralism voluntarism; Contributions: introspection basic units of experience; Studies: 1st psychological laboratory in world at University of Leipzig
William Wundt
75
1904-1990; Field: behavioral; Contributions: created techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism's behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior; Studies: Skinner box
BF Skinner
76
1878-1958; Field: behaviorism; Contributions: generalization-inductive reasoning emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; Studies: Little Albert
John B Watson
77
1896-1980; Field: cognition; Contributions: created a 4-stage theory of cognitive development said that two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth (assimilation and accommodation)
Jean Piaget
78
1905-1981; Field: development; Contributions: realized that touch is preferred in development; Studies: Rhesus monkeys studied attachment of infant monkeys (wire mothers v. cloth mothers)
Harry Harlow
79
1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth unconditional positive regard fully functioning person
Carl Rogers
80
1908-1970; Field: humanism; Contributions: hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied self-actualization transcendence
Abraham Maslow
81
1885-1952; Field: neo-Freudian psychodynamic; Contributions: criticized Freud stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts neurotic trends
Karen Horney
82
1870-1937; Field: neo-Freudian psychodynamic; Contributions: basic mistakes style of life inferiority/superiority complexes childhood influences personality formation; Studies: Birth Order
Alfred Adler
83
1897-1967; Field: trait theory of personality; Contributions: list of 11,000 traits 3 levels of traits-cardinal central and secondary
Gordon Allport
84
1884-1922; Field: personality psychoanalysis; Contributions: developed one of the first projective tests the Inkblot test which consists of 10 standardized inkblots where the subject tells a story the observer then derives aspects of the personality from the subject's commentary
Hermann Rorschach
85
1907-1996; Field: social psychology; Contributions: studied conformity found that individuals would conform even if they knew it was wrong; Studies: conformity opinions and social pressures
Solomon Asch
86
1922-present; Field: emotion; Contributions: stated that in order to experience emotions a person must be physically aroused and know the emotion before you experience it
Stanley Schachter
87
1933-1984; Field: social psychology; Contributions: wanted to see how the German soldiers in WWII fell to obedience wanted to see how far individuals would go to be obedient; Studies: Shock Study
Stanley Milgram
88
1933-present; Field: social psychology; Contributions: proved that peoples behavior depends to a large extent on the roles they are asked to play; Studies: Stanford Prison Study-studied power of social roles to influence people's behavior
Philip Zimbardo
89
1926-2004; Field: development; Contributions: 5 stages the terminally ill go through when facing death (1. death 2. anger/resentment 3. bargaining with God 4. depression 5. acceptance)
Elizabeth K˜bler-Ross
90
1944-present; Field: memory; Contributions: expert in eyewitness testimony (false memories or misinformation effect); Studies: Reconstruction of Auto. Destruction Jane Doe Case (repressed memories of Nicole Taus' sex abuse)
Elizabeth Loftus
91
1949-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: devised the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (academic problem-solving practical and creative)
Robert Sternberg
92
1925-present; Field: sociocultural; Contributions: pioneer in observational learning stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls children mimicked play
Albert Bandura
93
1905-1998; Field: intelligence; Contributions: fluid & crystal intelligence; 3 domains of personality sphere (personality ability & motivation) 16 Personality Factors (personality test)
Raymond Cattell
94
1921-present; Field: cognitive; Contributions: father of Cognitive Therapy created Beck Scales-depression inventory hopelessness scale suicidal ideation anxiety inventory and youth inventories
Aaron Beck
95
1928-present; Field: language; Contributions: disagreed with Skinner about language acquisition stated there is an infinite # of sentences in a language humans have an inborn native ability to develop language
Noam Chomsky
96
1874-1949; Field: behaviorism; Contributions: Law of Effect-relationship between behavior and consequence; Studies: Law of Effect with cats
Edward Thorndike
97
1916-1997; Field: personality; Contributions: asserted that personality is largely determined by genes used introversion/extroversion
HJ Eysenck
98
1913-1999; Field: development; Contributions: compared effects of maternal separation devised patterns of attachment; Studies: The Strange Situation-observation of parent/child attachment
Mary Ainsworth
99
1914-2005; Field: social psychology; Contributions: research evidence of internalized racism caused by stigmatization; Studies: Doll experiments-black children chose white dolls
Kenneth Clark
100
1896-1934; Field: child development; Contributions: investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development zone of proximal development; play research
Lev Vygotsky
101
1942-present; Field: learning; Contributions: Positive Psychology learned helplessness; Studies: Dogs demonstrating learned helplessness
Martin Seligman
102
1943-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: devised the theory of multiple intelligences (logical-mathematic spatial bodily-kinesthetic intrapersonal linguistic musical interpersonal naturalistic)
Howard Gardner
103
1890-1947; Field: social psychology; Contributions: German refugee who escaped Nazis proved the democratic style of leadership is the most productive; Studies: Leadership syles-studied effects of 3 leadership styles on children completing activities
Kurt Lewin
104
1891-1951; Field: Gastroenterology; Contributions: developed foundation for classical conditioning discovered that a UCS naturally elicits a reflexive behavior; Studies: dog salivation
Ivan Pavlov
105
1850-1909; Field: memory; Contributions: 1st to conduct studies on forgetting: first a rapid loss followed by a gradual declining rate of loss; Studies: memory-series of meaningless syllables/words
Hermann Ebbinghaus
106
1897-1941; Field: language; Contributions: his hypothesis is that language determines the way we think
Benjamin Whorf
107
1933-present; Field: social psychology; Contributions: focus on nonverbal communication self-fulfilling prophecies; Studies: Pygmalion Effect-effect of teacher's expectations on students
Robert Rosenthal
108
dates ?; Field: developmental; Contributions: social development & processing effects of appearance on behavior origin of social stereotypes sex/love/intimacy facial expression
Judith Langlois
109
dates?; Field: social psychology; Contributions: proved that once you are diagnosed with a disorder your care would not be very good in a mental health setting; Studies: Hospital experiment-checked into hospital to check diagnosis
David Rosenhan
110
1946-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: emotional intelligence
Daniel Goleman
111
1863-1945; Field: intelligence; Contributions: found that specific mental talents were highly correlated concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled 'g' (general ability)
Charles Spearman
112
1913-2007; Field: cognitive-behavioral; Contributions: Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET) focuses on altering client's patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions
Albert Ellis
113
1892-1949; Field: psychoanalysis; Contributions: groundwork for enmeshed relationships developed the Self-System-a configuration of personality traits
Harry Stack Sullivan
114
187601956; Field: intelligence comparative; Contributions: social behavior of gorillas/chimps Yerkes-Dodson law-level of arousal as related to performance
Robert Yerkes
115
1857-1911; Field: testing; Contributions: general IQ tests designed test to identify slow learners in need of remediation-not applicable in the U.S. because too culture-bound (French)
Alfred Binet
116
ca. 1920; Field: behaviorism; Contributions: subject in John Watson's experiment proved classical conditioning principles: Studies: Little Albert-generalization of fear
Little Albert
117
1848-1905; Field: perception; Contributions: area of left temporal lobe involved language understanding; Studies: person damaged in this area uses correct words but they do not make sense
Karl Wernicke
118
1795-1878; Field: perception; Contributions: just-noticeable-difference (JND) that eventually becomes Weber's law; Studies: 1st study on JND
Ernst Weber
119
1801-1887; Field: perception; Contributions: stated that the magnitude of a sensory experience is proportionate to the # of JND's that the stimulus causing the experiences above the absolute threshold
Gustav Fechner
120
1896-1987; Field: learning; Contributions: systematic desensitization maintained that fear could be unlearned
Mary Cover-Jones
121
1923-present; Field: motivation; Contributions: believes that we invent explanations to label feelings
Robert Zajonc
122
1893-1988; Field: intelligence testing; Contributions: devised the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) with Christina Morgan stated that the need to achieve varied in strength in different people and influenced their tendency to approach and evaluate their own performances
Henry Murray
123
1934-present; Field: emotion; Contributions: found that facial expressions are universal
Paul Ekman
124
1884-1952; Field: motivation; Contributions: maintains that the goal of all motivated behavior is the reduction or alleviation of a drive state mechanism through which reinforcement operates
Clark Hull
125
1917-1998; Field: intelligence testing; Contributions: devised a way to measure Murray's theory (TAT) developed scoring system for TAT's use in assessing achievement motivation not the TAT
David McClelland
126
1822-1911; Field: differential psychology AKA "London School" of Experimental Psychology; Contributions: behavioral genetics maintains that personality & ability depend almost entirely on genetic inheritance; Studies: Twin Studies-compare identical & fraternal twins Hereditary Genius-used bell curve for normal distribution & "Law of Errors"-differences in intellectual ability
Francis Galton
127
1809-1882; Field: geology biology; Contributions: transmutation of species natural selection evolution by common descent; Studies: "The Origin of Species" catalogs his voyage on the Beagle
Charles Darwin
128
1877-1956; Field: testing; Contributions: revised Binet's IQ test and established norms for American children
Lewis Terman
129
1823-1860; Field: neurobiology; Contributions: 1st person to have a frontal lobotomy (by accident) his accident gave information on the brain and which parts are involved with emotional reasoning
Phineas Gage
130
1898-1977; Field: personality; Contributions: theory that linked personality to physique on the grounds that both are governed by genetic endowment: endomorphic (large) mesomorphic (average) and ectomorphic (skinny)
William Sheldon
131
1896-1981; Field: testing; Contributions: established an intelligence test especially for adults (WAIS)
David Weschler
132
1871-1945; Field: motivation; Contributions: believed that gastric activity as in empty stomach was the sole basis for hunger; Studies: inserted balloons in stomachs
Walter B. Cannon
