Greece Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
Who lived on Crete?
A
The Minoans
2
Q
Who discovered the Minoans?
A
Sir Arthur Evans
3
Q
What was life like for the Minoans?
A
Luxury, trade with foreign lands
4
Q
What types of writing are found on Crete?
A
Linear A, Linear B, Hieroglyphic Script
5
Q
Linear A
A
Pre-Greek writing, we cannot read it
6
Q
Linear B
A
Mycenaean writing, we can read it. Derived from Linear A, Greek
7
Q
Hieroglyphic Script
A
Less popular script, we cannot read it
8
Q
When was the New Palace Pd?
A
1750-1490
9
Q
New Palace Pd
A
Many palaces were on Crete (many kingdoms OR n main ruler with many provinces)
10
Q
Knossos
A
Biggest palace on Crete
11
Q
Features of Knossos
A
Multiple stories, columns that taper down, similar to Babylonian palaces, complex, magazines, grand staircase, theater, shrine, throne room, residential quarters, etc…
12
Q
Bull leaping
A
Leaping bulls, events with bulls, leaping over bulls may have been a religious event
13
Q
Minoan Art
A
Colorful
Bright
Abstract
Rectangular, waspish people
14
Q
Minoan State Formation
A
Perhaps influenced by the Near East, peaceful, rich environment, complex society
15
Q
Function of palaces
A
Redistributive centers
16
Q
What was in palaces?
A
Magazines, Linear A tablets, seals
17
Q
Thera (Akrotiri)
A
Volcanic Island, likely blew 1650, 150 years before the fall of the Minoans
18
Q
When were the Mycenaeans?
A
1600-1200
19
Q
Who discovered the Mycenaeans?
A
Heinrich Schliemann
20
Q
Heinrich Schliemann
A
Rich man obsessed with Troy
21
Q
When did they use Grave Circles?
A
1600-1500
22
Q
What were grave circles?
A
Family burials
23
Q
What were in the grave circles?
A
Warlike art, goods, weapons, gold, shields, daggers, masks
24
Q
What were the gold masks?
A
A mask, famous one likely that of a king that was stylized and bearded, found on most men, and children were given full body coverings
25
Citadel
Seat of the ruler, where his family lived, defense, and seat of gold
26
Wall around Mycenae
20 ft thick, cyclopean masonry, ashlar masonry
27
cyclopean masonry
Rough- later Greeks thought cyclops made them
28
Ashlar masonry
neatly cut blocks
29
Megaron
ceremonial throne room
30
Entrance to Mycenae
Lion gate
31
Lion gate
The wall juts out, massive stones, ashlar blocks, natural rock, relieving triangle, had 6 ft lions
32
Lions on the lion gate
Metal heads, biggest ancient sculptures, looking at you
33
Ramp at Mycenae
leads up to the courtroom, was destroyed
34
Postern gate & Sally port
Small, hidden gates with secret tunnels leading to underground water sources
35
When was the wall arrange Mycenae built?
1400-1200
36
Wanax
Mycenaean ruler
37
Basileus
Means king in Greek, but only a minor bureaucrat in Mycenae
38
Tholoi tombs
Tombs of the ruler and his family
39
12th century destructions
Mycenaean centers and palaces on Crete are destroyed, Hittites fall, Egypt is attacked, some Mycenaeans leave, half of Greece goes away, becoming the Philistines, Linear B disappears
40
When is the Geometric Pd.?
1100-700
41
When did Homer live?
8th century
42
Lefkandi
New light on the dark ages. Geometric pd was traditionally thought to be a "dark age" but a tomb revealed great trade during this time
43
Euboeans
Key players in Mediterranean Trade Network
44
Geometric tomb
Stone foundation, 40 m long, rectangle w/ curved end, wooden columns.
Likely a public building of chieftain's house. ended up as a tomb
45
Who was buried in the pits
Man cremated in an urn (heirloom)
Inhumed woman
sacrificed horses
weapons with the man, chest plate of gold with the woman
46
Art in Geometric pd
Usually not figural
47
Centaur sculpture
Scratch on the knee- likely Cheiron, mentor of Achilles
48
Greek Renaissance dates
8th century
49
What happened during the Greek Renaissance?
Homer, Intro of Greek Alphabet, figural and narrative art, mythology, creation of Polis, increased population and trade
50
When was the Archaic Pd?
700-480
51
What was the Archaic Pd?
Cultural revolution: new politics, economics, military, and philosophies
52
New politics
not based on aristocracy
53
new economics
New $ vs old $
54
New military
Hoplite Armies
55
Hoplite army
citizen soldiers, state provides armor, organized ranks
56
New Philosophies
Natural philosophers from Ionia
57
Artistic Revolution
Personal poetry, monumental art and architecture
58
Tyrannos
"Big man"
Autocrat who seizes power by irregular means
popular leader
59
Positive effects of Tyrants
Patrons of art/architecture
Laws
Huge festivals
Stabilize the Polis
60
Archons replace who in Athens?
Basileus (king)
61
3 Archons in Athens
Archon Basileus
Archon Eponymous
Polemarch
62
Archon Basileus
Religious leader
63
Archon Eponymous
Head of state (names of the year)
64
Polemarch
Military leader
65
Council of Areopagus
Athenian council with ill-defined powers
66
Eupatrids
Aristocratic group, eligible for archonship
67
Drakon
Athenian tyrant who wrote (not invented) laws and upheld them harshly, caused unrest in Athens
68
Solon
Athenian tyrant who was granted full power and wrote a law code in verse. Compromised too much
69
What did Solon want to stop
Aristocratic greed, oppression, enslavement, and civil discord
70
Solon's laws
Abolished slavery debt, erased debts, prohibited ag exports except olive oil, freed land from enslavement
71
Horoi
Land marked for debt
72
Pentecosiomedinni
500 bushel men (archon, treasurer)
73
Hippeis
300-500 bushel men (Lesser offices, maybe archon)
74
Zeugitac
200-300 bushel men (minor offices)
75
When did Solon rule?
594-593
76
Thetes
200- bushel men (assembly)
77
Post Solon Athens
Tyranny takes over, sound economic reform
78
6th century problems
Trouble outlawing debt-slavery and canceling debts
79
Trouble outlawing debt-slavery
Little incentive for the rich to lend to the poor
80
Trouble canceling debts
Upper class lost ability to force labor, had to import foreign slaves
81
Slavery in Athens
7th century- cheaper to import slaves
6th century- necessity
Rich stay rich, poor aren't serfs= everyone happy
4th century- 1/4 pop slaves
82
Peisistratos
3 coups
83
1st coup
561- Fakes an attack by his rivals, gets permission to have a bodyguard with clubs, announces his takeover, fails
84
2nd coup
Dresses Phye as Athens, received with open arms, eventually fails
85
3rd coup
Borrows $ from soldiers, rich, and Tyrants. Hires mercenaries. 546- takes Attica by force, rallies discontented Athenians, defeats Athenian army
86
Peisistratos' rule
Tight grip
Prosperity
Builds monuments, trade, population, economy, helps rivals, new taxes, reduced aristocratic power
87
Hippias and Hipparchos
Peisistratos' sons, paranoid of assassination, made crazy laws, assassinated because of a love triangle
88
Kleisthenes
Takes power away from Aristocrats
Creates Demokratia
Council of 500
89
Council of 500
```
Replaces Solon's 400
50 men from 10 tribes
1 year service
Must be over 30
Can only serve once
Almost everyone served
President chosen every day
```
90
Demokratia
Power of the people
(excluding women, children, foreigners, slaves)
still radical
Required to participate in government
91
What kind of Greeks are Spartans?
Dorian
92
Region around Sparta
Lakonia
93
Helots
Inhabitants reduced to a subservient state
Property of the state
Work the land
1/2 produce to the master
94
What were Spartan citizens?
militaristic
95
Krypteia
Secret service that randomly attacks and kills Helots
| Also waged an annual war on the Helots
96
Perioikoi
"those living around"
| Those living around Sparta who made stuff for them
97
Messenian wars
Sparts conquered Messenians
Sparta enslaves them
Sparta becomes wealthy
98
When were the Messenian wars?
740-620
99
Crisis in Sparta
Any strife could lead to a Helot rebellion, aristocratic turmoil
100
Homoioi
Every Spartan is allotted a parcel of land at birth, a basic minimum, and given equal vote int he assembly
101
Spartan Constitution
Develops a monarchial system with democracy and oligarchy
102
Spartan Kingship
Dual and hereditary
103
Spartan Gerousia
Council of elders
104
Spartan Assembly
All citizens over 30
105
Spartan ephorate
Annually elected body of 5
106
Agoge
Institutional training of Spartan boys
107
When was Agoge?
7
108
What did Agoge consist of?
Dance, training, poetry, harsh conditions, music, weakened family ties, ties to the state
109
Spartan mirage
Almost all sources are non-Spartan or later, much of the image was likely exaggerated
110
Ionian revolt
Ionian aristocrats prosper under Persian rule
Some Greek cities tried to get rid of pro-Persian tyrants
revolted
Fails
111
Ionia
Greek coast
112
When was the Ionian revolt?
499
113
Persians wanted to punish who for the Ionian revolt?
Athens
114
Greek historians
Herodotus and Thucydides
115
Marathon date
490
116
Marathon
Persians attack Greeks, Greeks defeat them as they come off their ships, surprise victory
117
Mittiades
Athenian general at Marathon
118
Darius and Artaphernes
Persian generals at Marathon
119
Xerxes
Succeeded Darius
120
When was the 2nd Persian war (AKA the Great War)?
480-479
121
Thermopolaye
Small mountain pass, 300 Spartans and others met Persian army, held them off until Athenians could assemble (would have won but a traitor showed the Persians a way around the pass)
122
Themistocles
Archon of Athens, strengthened the Navy and harbors
123
Xerxes army
said to be 5 million, requiring 4,000 tons of grain each day, likely 500,000 or less, still largest army in the ancient world
124
Leonidas
One of 2 Spartan kings
125
Battles of Plateia and Mycale
Final victories (Naval and land)
126
Impact of Persian wars
Helps to Unify Greece
Starts Classical Period
Golden Age of Greece
127
When was the Classical Pd?
480-330
128
Delian League
Greek Alliance
129
How many in Delian League
150
130
Terms of Delian League
Annual contribution
Autonomy of each Polis
Athens at the head of the League
131
Treasury of Delian League
```
On Delos (sacred island)
1/60 to Athens
```
132
Goals of Delian League
Contain Persia
Gather booty
revenge
133
School of Hellas
Cultural center, tourists, university, festivals, Tragedies and comedies
134
Battle of Eurgmedon
Persians beaten badly in Asia Minor, neutralized, Athens becomes a more brutal leader
135
When was the Battle of Eurgmedon?
467
136
Athenian Democracy in the Classical Pd
Full-fledged democracy, poor who were in the navy finally had some say
137
When were the Peloponnesian Wars?
431-404
138
Thucydides
Wrote history of Peloponnesian Wars
139
Scorched Earth Policy
Bur land so enemies can't use it
140
Perikles' strategy
Attack Sparta with Navy
141
Plague
killed 1/4 -1/3 of Athens, unknown disease
142
When was the plague
Summer of 430
143
Perikles' death
429- from Plague
Demagogues take control
Unstableness in Athens
144
Spartan victory
Makes Athens become their ally, but everyone is weakened
| Greece is vulnerable
145
End of Greece
Sparta alone is stable amongst internal strife, economy is awful
146
New type of war
```
Fought year round
Navy
Helots and slaves fighting
No more Polis
New faiths
```
147
Hellenistic Pd dates
330-30
148
4th century power vacuum
Leads to rise of Macedonia
149
Phillip II
Unites Macedonia, take over Greece, assassinated
150
Alexander
Phillip's son, 23, defeats Persians, Egypt welcomes him, dies, leaving no heir
151
War of the Successor
General fight over the empire, divided into kingdoms, Rome takes over
