Gross

Question 1

abdominal stria

Answer 1

stretch marks, elastic fibers were ruptured

Question 2

caput medusae

Answer 2

veins on belly due to HTN, obstruction of portal vein

Question 3

6 causes of belly protrusion

Answer 3

food, fat, fluid, feces, flatus, fetus

Question 4

incisions (along/across) Langer’s Lines will heal better

Answer 4

along

Question 5

the superficial fascia: (Camper’s fatty layer/Scarpa’s membranous layer) is superficial

Answer 5

Camper’s

Question 6

the superficial fascia: (Camper’s fatty layer/Scarpa’s membranous layer) is deep

Answer 6

Scarpa’s

Question 7

the peritoneum consists of (one/two) membranes

Answer 7

one

Question 8

the hepato-(gastric/duodenal) ligament contains the portal triad

Answer 8

duodenal

Question 9

achalasia of the cardia

Answer 9

stenosis of lesser esophageal spincter/blockage

Question 10

The gut tube is suspended from the dorsal and ventral

body walls by

Answer 10

mesenteries

Question 11

_____ organs are only covered in peritoneum on one

surface

Answer 11

retroperitoneal

Question 12

(primarily/secondarily) retroperitoneal organs: develop and remain
outside of the parietal peritoneum (e.g. esophagus,
rectum and kidneys)

Answer 12

primarily

Question 13

_____ _____ organs are initially
intraperitoneal, suspended by mesentary, but through
the course of embryogenesis they the course of embryogenesis they become
retroperitoneal, with their mesentery fusing with the
posterior abdominal wall (e.g. ascending and
descending colon)

Answer 13

secondarily

Question 14

The foregut just posterior to the pharynx is partitioned

into the ____ and ____

Answer 14

trachea and esophagus

Question 15

Malformation of the tracheoesophageal septum may

lead to ____ or ____

Answer 15

esophageal atresia and/or tracheoesophageal fistula

Question 16

most cases of esophageal atresia are with (double fistula/distal fistula/proximal fistula/isolated fistula)

Answer 16

distal fistula (86% of cases)

Question 17

The caudal end of the foregut and cranial part of the midgut

form the______

Answer 17

duodenum

Question 18

Duodenal _____ occur if canalization

of the duodenum fails

Answer 18

stenosis or atresia

Question 19

Imaging detects duodenal atresia as a

Answer 19

double bubble sign

Question 20

which organ develops from the cystic diverticulum

Answer 20

gallbladder

Question 21

two lobes of a bilobed ventral
pancreatic bud migrate in opposite directions around
the duodenum to fuse with the dorsal bud (forms a ring)

Answer 21

Annular pancreas

Question 22

consequence of annular pancreas

Answer 22

constricts or obstructs the duodenum

Question 23

spleen derives from which germ layer

Answer 23

mesoderm

Question 24

spleen develops in (ventral/dorsal) mesentery

Answer 24

dorsal

Question 25

The hepatic diverticulum (liver) and cystic diverticulum (gallbladder) grow from the (dorsal/ventral) side of the duodenum.

Answer 25

ventral

Question 26

The pancreas develops from dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds that fuse (before/after) gut rotation

Answer 26

after

Question 27

During the 5th week of development the stomach rotates 90o around its _____ axis

Answer 27

craniocaudal

Question 28

the midgut is suspended from the (dorsal/ventral) mesentery

Answer 28

dorsal

Question 29

Rapid elongation of the midgut and mesentery | results in the ____

Answer 29

primary intestinal loop

Question 30

due to spatial constraints, the primary intestinal loop protrudes into the umbilicus

Answer 30

physiological umbilical herniation

Question 31

Reversed rotation of the gut is due to a (clockwise/counterclockwise) 180degree rotation as it retracts

Answer 31

clockwise

Question 32

Midgut rotation defects can result in twisting of | the intestine known as

Answer 32

volvulus

Question 33

consequences of volvulus

Answer 33

obstruction, compromised blood flow

Question 34

a persistent remnant of the | vitelline duct projecting from the ileum

Answer 34

Meckel's diverticulum

Question 35

consequences of Meckel's diverticulum

Answer 35

usually asymptomatic

Question 36

(umbilical hernia/omphalocele): covered by skin

Answer 36

umbilical hernia

Question 37

a protrusion of bowel through the umbilical ring covered by a thin membrane that may rupture

Answer 37

omphalocele

Question 38

the protrusion of the bowel | lateral to the umbilical ring with no covering

Answer 38

gastroschisis

Question 39

While outside the abdominal cavity, the intestine undergoes a 90o (clockwise/counterclockwise rotation)

Answer 39

counterclockwise

Question 40

The cloaca is partitioned into the anorectal canal and | the urogenital sinus by the

Answer 40

urorectal septum

Question 41

The cloacal membrane ruptures and the tip of the urorectal septum forms the _____

Answer 41

perineum

Question 42

Defects in formation of the cloaca or urorectal septum can | result in a ____ or ____ fistula

Answer 42

rectourethral or rectovaginal

Question 43

____ or ____ occurs if the | cloacal membrane fails to breakdown properly

Answer 43

Imperforate anus or anal stenosis

Question 44

the three constrictor muscles are supplied by what nerves

Answer 44

from pharyngeal plexus

Question 45

role of three constrictor muscles

Answer 45

decrease lumen of pharynx

Question 46

role of three longitudinal muscles

Answer 46

elevate pharynx and larynx during swallowing and phonation

Question 47

innervation of three longitudinal muscles of pharynx

Answer 47

pharyngeal plexus, except stylopharyngeus muscle--CN IX

Question 48

where are adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils) located relative to Eustachian tube

Answer 48

posterior and superior to opening of Eustachian tube

Question 49

three problems if adenoids are enlarged

Answer 49

infection, impair hearing, block air passage

Question 50

where is the oropharynx

Answer 50

beneath soft palate and anterior to epiglottis

Question 51

two important landmarks for tonsillectomy

Answer 51

palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches

Question 52

post op problems for tonsillectomy

Answer 52

bleeding from damage to ascending pharyngeal and facial arteries

Question 53

edema in region of tonsillectomy may impinge on which nerve

Answer 53

CN IX

Question 54

damage to CN IX causes what symptom

Answer 54

loss of taste

Question 55

something stuck in pririform recess would impinge on which nerves

Answer 55

internal and recurrent laryngeal nerves

Question 56

five soft palate muscles

Answer 56

levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini, palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus, musuclus uvulae

Question 57

innervation of muscles in soft palate

Answer 57

pharyngeal plexus (vagus), except tensor veli--V3

Question 58

what group of muscles controls descent of the larynx during the third stage of swallowing

Answer 58

infrahyoids

Question 59

component fibers present in branch of glossopharyngeal nerve found in tonsillar bed

Answer 59

somatic motor to stylopharyngeus muscle, general sensory from mucosa of pharynx/tonsils/soft palate and posterior 1/3 of tongue, special sensory post 1/3 tongue

Question 60

component fibers present in branch of glossopharyngeal nerve found in tympanic branch

Answer 60

general sensory-mucosa of tympanic cavity, auditory tube, mastoid air cells lesser petrosal nerve--pregang parasymp to otic ganglion

Question 61

which CN's must be intact for swallowing

Answer 61

V3, 7, 9, 10, 12