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3rd Year - Neurology > Gross Anatomy 5 - Anatomy of Space Occupying Lesions > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy 5 - Anatomy of Space Occupying Lesions Flashcards

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1
Q

What effect does a space occupying lesion have on the intracranial pressure?

A

Causes it to rise

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2
Q

What are the 5 layers of the scalp?

A 
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium
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3
Q

Why do scalp lacerations and incisions often bleed excessively?

A

The scalp arteries form a rich anastomotic network just deep to the skin

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4
Q

What type of joints are sutures?

A

Fibrous joints

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5
Q

What is the purpose of sutures of the skull?

A

Prevent skull fractures from spreading

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6
Q

What does the common carotid artery branch into?

A

Internal and external carotid artery

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7
Q

Which artery branches to supply part of the scalp?

A

External carotid artery

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8
Q

Which artery does the ophthalmic artery branch from?

A

Internal carotid artery

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9
Q

What is the name of the H-shaped suture in the skull where the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bone come together?

A

Pterion

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10
Q

What is the thinnest part of the skull?

A

Pterion

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11
Q

What artery courses over the deep aspect of the pterion?

A

Middle meningeal artery

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12
Q

Which bone is the optic canal located in?

A

Sphenoid bone

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13
Q

What bones is the sigmoid sinus located between?

A

Temporal and occipital bones

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14
Q

What is the name of the median ridge of bone that projects from the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone?

A

Crista galli

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15
Q

What are the meninges?

A

Protective coverings for the brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

What are the 3 layers of meninges?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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17
Q

What is the name of the space located between the arachnoid mater and pia mater?

A

Subarachnoid space

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18
Q

Describe the strength of the dura mater?

A

Tough/ fibrous

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19
Q

Sensory nerve supply to the dura mater?

A

CN V

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20
Q

Which of the meninges encloses the dural venous sinuses?

A

Dura mater

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21
Q

What makes up the arachnoid mater and what do these do?

A

Arachnoid granulations

Reabsorb CSF

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22
Q

What does the subarachnoid space contain?

A

Circulating CSF

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23
Q

Which of the meningeal layers is adherent to the brain and blood vessels and nerves entering or leaving the brain?

A

Pia mater

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24
Q

What is the dura mater adherent to?

A

The internal aspects of all of the bones of the skull

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25
What is the name of the tough sheet of dura mater "tenting" over the cerebellum?
Tentorium cerebelli
26
Where does the tentorium cerebelli attach to?
The ridges of the petrous temporal bones
27
What is the purpose of the central gap in the tentorium cerebelli?
To permit the brainstem to pass through
28
What is the name of the tough sheet of dura mater forming a roof (diaphragm) over the pituitary fossa?
Diaphragm sellae
29
What is the name of the midline structure of dura mater?
Falx cerebri
30
What does the falx cerebri attach to anteriorly?
Crista galli of the ethmoid bone
31
What does the falx cerebri attach to superiorly?
Sagittal suture
32
What does the falx cerebri attach to posteriorly?
Internal occipital protruberance
33
What venous drainage structure runs across the superior midline aspect of the skull?
Superior sagittal sinus
34
What venous drainage structure shadows the superior sagittal sinus but lower?
Inferior sagittal sinus
35
What structures drain venous blood from the brain into dural venous sinuses?
Cerebral veins
36
What S-shaped sinus does the superior and inferior sagittal sinuses drain into?
Sigmoid sinus
37
What do the sigmoid sinuses drain to? | Where does this occur
The internal jugular vein at the jugular foramen
38
Where does the confluence of sinuses occur (where they drain into the sigmoid sinus?
In the midline at the internal occipital protuberance, which is deep to the external occipital protuberance
39
What is the danger triangle of the face associated with?
Potential for venous spread of infection from superficial to deep
40
what does the braciocephalic trunk divide into?
Right common carotid and right subclavian arteries
41
What is the first branch of the right subclavian artery?
Right vertebral artery
42
Where does the vertebral artery pass?
Through the transverse foraminae in the cervical vertebrae then through the foramen magnum to enter the cranial cavity
43
Where does the external carotid artery pass in relation to the cranial cavity and what does it supply?
Remains external to cranial cavity to supply neck, face and scalp
44
Where does the internal carotid artery pass in relation to the cranial cavity and what does it supply?
Becomes internal to cranial cavity via the carotid canal to supply the brain
45
What artery supplies the medial/ anterior aspect of the right cerebral hemisphere?
Right anterior cerebral artery
46
What is the name of the artery that passes between the internal carotid artery and posterior cerebral artery?
Posterior communicating artery
47
What is the name of the artery that supplies the posterior aspect of the right cerebral hemisphere including the visual cortex?
Right posterior cerebral artery
48
What is the name of the artery formed from the joining of the vertebral arteries at the pons?
Basilar artery
49
Name of the artery that supplies the lateral anterior aspect of the left cerebral hemisphere?
Left middle cerebral artery
50
How much CSF do you produce per day?
400-500 mls
51
Where is CSF produced?
Inside the brain by the choroid plexus of the ventricles
52
Where is CSF reabsorbed?
In the dural venous sinuses via arachnoid granulations
53
What disc levels should you perform lumbar puncture at?
L3/4 (or if need be L4/5)
54
Where does the subarachnoid space end/ closes inferiorly?
At the level of the S2 part of the sacrum
55
What is the name of the ventricle located within the right cerebral hemisphere?
Right lateral ventricle
56
What is the name of the ventricle located within the midline within the diencephalon?
3rd ventricle
57
What is the name of the channel that connects the third and fourth ventricles in the midline?
Cerebral aqueduct
58
Where is the 4th ventricle located?
between the cerebellum and pons
59
What is the name of the channel which travels down the spinal cord and is continuous with the 4th ventricle?
Central canal of the spinal cord
60
What is the choroid plexus?
Epithelium/ modified pia located in the lateral and third ventricles
61
What are the names of the channels that connect the right and left lateral ventricles?
Right and left foraminae of monro
62
How is CSF reabsorbed from the subarachnoid space?
Via the arachnoid granulations into the dural venous sinuses
63
What is hydrocephalus?
Name for excessive fluid on the brain - can be caused by excessive production, obstruction to flow or inadequate reabsorption of CSF
64
Where does bleeding from an extradural haemorrhage occur?
Between the bone and dura
65
What causes an extradural haemorrhage?
Ruptured middle meningeal artery from trauma to the pterion
66
What effect does a subdural haemorrhage have on the meningeal layers?
Separates the dura from the arachnoid
67
What causes a subdural haemorrhage?
Torn cerebral veins e.g. in falls in the elderly and those with drinking problems
68
What causes a subarachnoid haemorrhage?
Ruptured circle of willis (berry) aneurysm
69
What does the epidural space contain?
Fat and veins
70
Is the epidural space superficial or deep to the dura mater?
Superficial
71
What can damage to the extradural venous plexus cause?
Epidural haematoma compressing the spinal cord or caudal equina
72
What does the cauda equina consist of?
All the L2-Co spinal nerve roots descending towards their respective intervertebral foraminae
73
At what vertebral level does the subarachnoid space end?
S2
74
Name the 4 types of supratentorial herniation?
Cingulate (subfalcine) Central Uncal Transcalvarial
75
What type of supratentoiral herniation involves the innermost part of the frontal lobe scraping under part of the fall cerebri?
Cingulate (subfalcine)
76
What type of supratentorial herniation involves downwards movement of the thalamic region through the opening of the tentorium cerebelli?
Central
77
What type of supratentorial herniation involves the uncut (medial part) of the temporal lobe herniating inferior to the tentorium cerebelli?
Uncal
78
What type of supratentorial herniation involves displacement of the brain through a defect in the skull, such as a fracture site?
Transcalvarial
79
What type of infratentorial herniation involves upwards transtentorial herniation of the posterior fossa contents?
Upwards
80
What type of infratentorial herniation involves the cerebellar tonsils herniating into the foramen magnum?
Downward aka tonsillar herniation
81
What sign can compression of the oculomotor nerve by an uncal herniation lead to?
Ipsilateral fixed dilated pupil

3rd Year - Neurology (17 decks)

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