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3rd Year - Neurology > Neuro Anatomy 1 - CNS Overview > Flashcards

Neuro Anatomy 1 - CNS Overview Flashcards

(91 cards)

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1
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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2
Q

What is the name of the embryonic structure from which the brain and spinal cord develop from?

A

Neural tube

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3
Q

In embryology, at 4 weeks, how many swellings (primary vesicles) does the neural tube have? What are their names?

A

3 - prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

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4
Q

In embryology, at 6-8 weeks, how many swellings (secondary vesicles) are there? What are their names?

A

5: Telencephalon and diencephalon (from prosencephalon) Mesencephalon (same as at 4 weeks) Metencephalon and mylencephalon (from rhombencephalon)

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5
Q

What part of the mature brain does the telencephalon form?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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6
Q

What part of the mature brain does the diencephalon form?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus

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7
Q

What part of the mature brain does the mesencephalon form?

A

Midbrain

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8
Q

What part of the mature brain does the metencephalon for?

A

Pons, cerebellum

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9
Q

What part of the mature brain does the myelencephalon form?

A

Medulla oblongata

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10
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata

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11
Q

What is the name for the combined thalamus and hypothalamus?

A

Diencephalon

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12
Q

What is continuous inferiorly with the medulla oblongata?

A

Spinal cord

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13
Q

What are the 2 principle groups of cells of the CNS?

A

Neurones Glial cells

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14
Q

Are most neurones in the CNS unipolar or multipolar?

A

Multipolar

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15
Q

What type of cells in the CNS act as communicators, receiving information (chiefly via synapses), integrating the information and then transmitting electrical impulses?

A

Neurons

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16
Q

What is another name for a neurons cell body?

A

Soma

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17
Q

What is the name for the part of the cell body of a neuron that connects to the axon?

A

Axon hillock

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18
Q

Name a type of neurone that has no true dendrites?

A

Primary sensory neurone of spinal ganglion

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19
Q

Name a type of neurone that has no axon?

A

Amacrine cell of retina

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20
Q

What is the role of glial cells?

A

To support and provide insulation between neurones

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21
Q

Are neurones or glial cells more numerous?

A

Glial cells

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22
Q

What are the 4 major types of glial cells?

A

Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia Ependymal cells

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23
Q

What shape are astrocytes?

A

Star-shaped (name comes from astro- e.g. astronaut) - has many numerous processes

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24
Q

Is there connective tissue in the CNS?

A

No

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25
What is the role of astrocytes? (3)
Roles in support, maintaining blood-brain barrier, environmental homeostasis
26
What type of cell produces myelin in the CNS?
Oligodendrocytes
27
What type of cells produce myelin in the PNS?
Schwann cells
28
What is myelin formed from?
Wraps of cell membrane doubled up
29
What is the name of the gaps of myelin sheath which exposes part of a neurones axon?
Node of Ranvier
30
What is the purpose of myelin?
To speed up conduction
31
What is the function of microglia?
Immune monitoring and antigenpresentation
32
What is the origin of microglia?
Hemopoietic - similar lineage to macrophages
33
What happens to microglia when they are activated e.g. by a bacterial infection?
They pull in their short branches and become rounder, taking on a similar appearance to a macrophage
34
What is the name of the cells that line the ventricles?
Ependymal cells
35
What type of epithelium do ependymal cells form?
Ciliated cuboidal/ columnar epithelium
36
Do the ependymal cells of the ventricles form a good barrier between the CSF and brain tissue?
No
37
What is the name of the type of astrocytes found mainly in white matter?
Fibrous astrocytes
38
What is the name of the type of astrocyte found mainly in grey matter?
Protoplasmic astrocytes
39
What is the name for the ridges in the brain?
Gyrus (plural gyri)
40
What is the name for the small dips in the brain?
sulcus (plural sulci)
41
What is the name for the deeper dips in the brain?
Fissure
42
Is white or grey matter outermost in the brain?
Grey - there is also some deep grey matter structures
43
What is very numerous in grey matter?
Cell bodies (also lots of synapses and support cells)
44
What is very numerous in white matter?
Axons (also lots of support cells)
45
Is grey or white matter outermost in the spinal cord?
White matter
46
What is the name of the posterior chunk of grey matter in the spinal cord?
Posterior (dorsal) horn
47
What is the name of the anterior chunk of grey matter in the spinal cord?
Anterior (ventral) horn
48
What is the name of the posterior chunk of white matter in the spinal cord?
Posterior (dorsal) columns
49
What is the name of the lateral chunk of white matter in the spinal cord?
Lateral columns
50
What is the name of the anterior chunk of white matter in the spinal cord?
Anterior (ventral) columns
51
what is the name of the fissure that separates the temporal and parietal lobe?
Lateral fissure (aka sylvian fissure)
52
What is the name of the fissure that separates the sensory and motor regions of the brain?
Central sulcus
53
What is the name for the equivalent of gyri in the cerebellum?
Folia
54
What is the name of the gyri in front of and behind the central sulcus?
Precentral and postcentral gyrus
55
What is the name of the fissure that separates the 2 hemispheres of the brain?
Longitudinal fissure (aka interhemispheric fissure)
56
What is the name for the part of the brain that communicates between the 2 hemispheres?
Corpus Callosum
57
What is the name for the deep subcortical structure that contains a concentration of white matter projection fibres?
Internal capsule
58
What is the collective name for the putamen and globuss pallidus? What are these?
Lentiform nucleus Nuclei in the basal ganglia
59
What are the 2 parts of the lentiform nucleus?
Putamen Globus pallidus
60
What are the basal ganglia?
A group of nuclei in the deep white matter of the brain that are interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalami and brainstem
61
What gyrus sits just above the corpus colosseum?
cingulate gyrus (with the cingulate sulcus just above)
62
What is the major role of the cingulate gyrus?
Pain interpretation
63
What separates the parietal and occipital lobe?
Parieto-occipital sulcus
64
What is the name of the fissure that is located on the medial surface of the occipital lobe and divides the visual cortex into 2?
Calcarine fissure/ sulcus
65
What is the name of the C-shaped bundle of nerve fibres in the brain that acts as the major output tract of the hippocampus?
Fornix
66
What is the name of the communication between the 2 thalamus?
Interthalamic adhesion
67
What does the pineal gland secrete?
Melatonin
68
What connects the paired lateral ventricle with the third ventricle?
Interventricular foramina
69
What connects the third and fourth ventricles?
Cerebral aqueduct
70
Boundaries of the frontal lobe?
Anterior to the central sulcus (line drawn from the central sulcus down to the corpus callous) and superior to the lateral sulcus
71
Boundaries of the parietal lobe?
Posterior to the central sulcus, superior to the lateral sulcus (and a backwards extension of it) and anterior to a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus to the pre occipital notch
72
Boundaries of the occipital lobe?
Posterior to a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus to the preocciptial notch
73
Boundaries of the temporal lobe?
Inferior to the lateral sulcus (and a line extending the lateral sulcus posteriorly) and posteriorly by a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus and the pre occipital notch - medially, extends from the temporal pole to a line drawn between the pre occipital notch and the anterior end of the calcarine sulcus
74
What is the name of the hidden 5th lobe of the brain?
Insular lobe (or insula)
75
What is the main role of the insula?
Patient's experience of pain (i.e. intensity of pain)
76
Where is the insula located?
Hidden within the lateral fissure
77
Name of the 3 layers of the meninges from superficial to deep?
Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater
78
What is located between the arachnoid mater and pia mater?
Subarachnoid space (contains CSF)
79
What is the name of the continuation of the 4th ventricle down the spinal cord?
Central canal of spinal cord
80
What is the name of the other nervous system in the body apart from CNS and PNS?
Enteric nervous system
81
What is the name of the 2 plexuses of neurones in the enteric nervous system?
Myenteric plexus between outer layers of smooth muscle submucosal plexus in the submucosa
82
What are the names of the 2 arterial supplies to the brain?
Internal carotid system (anterior portion) Vertebro-basilar system (posterior portion)
83
Name of the circulatory anastomosis in the brain?
Circle of willis
84
What artery extends anteriorly from the internal carotid arteries?
Anterior cerebral arteries
85
What artery extends laterally from the internal carotid arteries?
Middle cerebral arteries
86
What artery extends posteriorly from the internal carotid arteries?
Posterior cerebral arteries
87
What is the name of the arteries which extend up the brainstem?
Vertebral arteries
88
What is the name of the arteries formed by the joining of the 2 vertebral arteries?
Basilar artery
89
Which arteries supply each of the pictured territories of the lateral brain?
Blue = anterior cerebral artery Pink = middle cerebral artery Green = posterior cerebral artery
90
Which arteries supply each of the coloured territories of the pictured brain?
Blue = anterior cerebral artery Pink = middle cerebral artery Green = posterior cerebral artery
91
Where does blood from the brain drain to?
Drains into a system of dural venous sinuses -\> dural venous sinuses then drain into the internal jugular vein

3rd Year - Neurology (17 decks)

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