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Neurology > Gross Anatomy > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy Flashcards

(88 cards)

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1
Q

state the areas of the CNS

A

brain

spinal cord

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2
Q

state the areas of the PNS

A

all other nerves outwith the CNS
peripheral nerves
spinal nerves
autonomic nerves

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3
Q

what is a collection of cell bodies in the CNS known as

A

nucleus

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4
Q

what is a collection of cell bodies in the PNS known as

A

ganglion

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5
Q

sympathetic outflow is craniosacral or thoracolumbar

A

thoracolumbar

T1-L2

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6
Q

parasympathetic outflow is craniosacral or thoracolumbar

A

craniosacral

CN III, VII, IX and X and sacral spinal nerves

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7
Q

how many spinal nerves are there in the body

A 
31
C1-8
T1-12
L1-5
S1-5
1 coccygeal
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8
Q

after C8, spinal nerves emerge above or below the corresponding vertebrae

A

below as there are only 7 cervical vertebra, C8 spinal nerve must emerge below it

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9
Q

dorsal rami is anterior or posterior

A

posterior conveying motor signals

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10
Q

ventral rami is anterior or posterior

A

anterior conveying sensory signals

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11
Q

spinal nerves contain are mixed modality nerves true/false

A

true as combination of anterior and posterior root

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12
Q

describe the route of motor axons from the ventral horn of the spinal cord

A

anterior horn - anterior rootlets - anterior root - spinal nerve

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13
Q

describe the route of sensory axons from the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

A

posterior horn - posterior rootlets - posterior root - spinal nerve

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14
Q

somatic motor supply goes to what parts of the body

A

skeletal muscles

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15
Q

sympathetic nerve supply goes to what parts of the body

A

skin and smooth muscle of arterioles

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16
Q

what is a dermatome

A

area of skin supplied with sensory innervation from a single spinal nerve eg S1

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17
Q

what is a myotome

A

the skeletal muscles supplied with motor innervation, may be deep to a dermatome

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18
Q

outline the dermatomes of the upper limb and their anatomical locations

A

C4 - acromioclavicular joint
C5 - lateral aspect of deltoid (badge patch)
C6 - palmar aspect of the thumb
C7 - palmar aspect of the middle finger
C8 - palmar aspect of the little finger
T1 - medial aspect of the antecubital fossa

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19
Q

what are the 2 dermatome landmarks of the trunk

A

T4 - male nipple
T10 - umbilicus
trunk segmentation is horizontal and regular

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20
Q

outline the dermatomes of the lower limb and their anatomical locations

A 
L1 - inguinal region 
L2 - medial and lateral aspect of anterior thigh 
L3 - medial epicondyle of the femur 
L4 - medial malleolus 
L5 - dorsum of the foot and 3rd MTP
S1 - lateral aspect of the calcaneus
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21
Q

where are S3 and S4/5 dermatomes located

A

S3 - horizontal line forming the buttocks

S4/5 - perianal area

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22
Q

what is a nerve plexus

A

rami from a number of adjacent spinal nerves

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23
Q

outline the 4 nerve plexuses in the body

A 
cervical plexus (C1-C4)
brachial plexus (C5-T1)
lumbar plexus (L1-L4)
sacral plexus (L5-S4)
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24
Q

what is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the back

A

extrinsic muscles have either an origin or insertion point outwith the back whereas intrinsic muscle are contained within the back

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25
where to extrinsic back muscle attach
pectoral girdle
26
which part of the body are extrinsic back muscle responsible for moving
upper limb
27
give examples of extrinsic back muscles
trapezius levator scapulae rhomboids latissimus dorsi
28
which 2 muscle groups are intrinsic back muscles, state which is superficial and which is deep
erector spinae - superficial and longitudinal | transverospinalis - deep
29
which intrinsic back muscles are located lateral to the spine, and move down vertically
erector spinae
30
what is the function of erector spinae
extension of the spine (touch your toes)
31
name the 3 muscles that make up erector spinae
iliocostalis - attaches superiorly to ribs longisimus - attaches at mastoid process spinalis - attaches superiorly to spinous process of vertebrae
32
where are transversospinalis muscles located
located in the grooves between transverse and spinous processes
33
state the various points transversospinalis muscles can attach
vertebrae and skull vertebrae and rub 2 vertebrae vertebrae and sacrum
34
outline the nerve supply of intrinsic back muscles
posterior rami either from cervical, thoracic or lumbar region
35
what is the function of transverospinalis
maintain posture and help support the spine
36
what muscles are responsible for flexion of the spine
psoas major and rectus abdominis
37
what is C1 vertebrae called
atlas
38
what anatomical features are missing from C1
no body or spinous process
39
what vertebrae contains a odontoid process
axis (C2)
40
which vertebrae is the first palpable vertebrae
C7
41
what movements is the atlanto-occipital joint responsible for
flexion and extension of the neck
42
what movements is the atlanto-axia joint responsible for
rotation
43
how many bones is the sacrum made up of
5
44
what level does the spinal cord end
L2
45
the cauda equina is still surrounded by meninges true/false
true - subarachnoid space ends at S2
46
where is a spinal anaesthetic usually inserted
L3/4 interspace - this is because the needle can brush around the cauda equina but the vertebrae of the sacrum haven't fused yet
47
if there is any suspicion of ___ do not perform a lumbar puncture
raised ICP
48
from superficial to deep outline the layers that a spinal anaesthetic must pass through
``` supraspinous ligament interspinous ligament ligamentum flavum epidural space dura mater arachnoid mater reached subarachnoid space with CSF ```
49
if testing a T10 dermatome function, outline the various segments of the spinal cord it must work through
stimulate the T10 dermatome - APs generated - APs generated along same axon on anterior ramus - now in T10 spinal nerve - T10 posterior root - T10 posterior rootlet - posterior horn of the spinal cord
50
how are peripheral nerves formed
when multiple spinal nerves overlap causing a peripheral nerve
51
which peripheral nerves supply the anterolateral aspect of the neck
``` all sensory branches of the cervical plexus lesser occipital greater auricular transverse cervical supraclavicular ```
52
which peripheral nerves supply the posterior aspect of the neck
posterior rami of the cervical plexus C2-8
53
what nerves supper the upper anterolateral trunk wall
intercostal nerves (T1-11)
54
what nerve supplies the anterior ramus of T12
subcostal nerve
55
what nerves supply the lower anterolateral trunk wall
bifurcation of iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves
56
what supplies the cutaneous innervation of the back
dermatomes supplied by posterior rami
57
outline the 7 peripheral nerves that innervate the anterior aspect of the upper limb
``` supraclavicular nerve axillary nerve cutaneous branch of musculocutaneous T1, T2 anterior rami radial nerve median nerve ulnar nerve ```
58
where does the supraclavicular nerve supply and what dermatomes does it involve
sensation of clavicule and anteriomedial shoulder | C3, 4 dermatomes
59
what does the axillary nerve supply and what dermatomes does it involve
badge patch and upper arm | C5, 6 dermatomes
60
what nerve supplies the lateral forearm
cutaneous branch of musculocutaneous
61
what nerve supplies the medial aspect of the forearm and what is its clinical significance
T1, T2 anterior rami | referred pain from the myocardium
62
where does the radial nerve supply on the anterior surface of arm
anatomical snuffbox (thenar eminence)
63
where does the median nerve supply on the anterior surface of the arm
thumb and first 2 fingers
64
where does the ulnar nerve supply on the anterior surface of the arm
ring and little finger
65
what 6 nerves innervate the posterior aspect of the upper limb
``` supraclavicular nerve axillary nerve T1, T2 anterior rami median nerve ulnar nerve radial nerve ```
66
what nerve supplies the posterior upper arm
T1, T2 anterior rami | also supplies the medial aspect of posterior forearm
67
outline the nerve supply to the posterior aspect of the hand
radial - dorsal surface of first 3 fingers up until PIPs median - PIPs to finger tips of first three fingers ulnar - ring and little finger
68
what nerves supply the anterior aspect of the upper leg and state the spinal nerves they originate from
``` genitofemoral (L1,2) ilioinguinal (L1) obturator (L2, 3, 4) femoral (L2, 3, 4) lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (L2,3) ```
69
where does the obturator nerve supply
medial portion of the anterior thigh, slightly inferior to ilioinguinal nerve
70
where does the femoral nerve supply
majority of the anterior aspect of the thigh
71
what nerves supply the anterior aspect of the lower leg and what spinal nerves do they originate from
saphenous nerve (L3,4) sural nerve (L3,4) superficial fibular nerve (L4, 5, S1) deep fibular nerve (L5)
72
where does the saphenous nerve supply
anteromedial aspect of the lower leg
73
where does the sural nerve supply
the lateral aspect of the lower leg
74
what is the main nerve supply of the back of the thigh
posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh (S1, 2, 3)
75
what nerves supply the area around the heel and the plantar surfaces of the foot
around heel - calcaneal nerves of tibial nerve | plantar surface - medial and lateral plantar nerves
76
what are the main vessels that supply blood to the brain
internal carotids | vertebral arteries
77
what artery is the vertebral artery derived from
subclavian - branch from brachiocephalic
78
what artery is the internal carotid derived from and what does the other part of the artery supply
derived from common carotid | external carotid goes to supply the face, neck and scalp
79
what 3 branches does the internal carotid give once passing through the cavernous sinus
ophthalmic artery posterior communicating artery anterior cerebral artery
80
after giving off 3 branches, what does the internal carotid become
middle cerebral artery
81
the posterior communicating artery connects which 2 arteries
posterior cerebral and middle cerebral
82
the anterior communicating artery connects which 2 arteries
both anterior cerebral arteries
83
what parts of the brain does the anterior cerebral artery supply
midline portions of the frontal lobes and superior medial parietal lobes
84
what parts of the brain does the middle cerebral artery supply
lateral cerebral cortex, anterior temporal lobes and insular cortices
85
the basilar artery gives off __ arteries which supply ___
pontine arteries which supply the pons
86
define a haemorrhage that is between the dura and the bone
extradural haemorrhage
87
define a haemorrhage that is between the dura and arachnoid mater
subdural haemorrhage
88
define a haemorrhage that is into the CSF
subarachnoid haemorrhage

Neurology (19 decks)

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