Neuroanatomy Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
what is a nucleus
A
collection of cell bodies within the CNS
2
Q
what is a ganglion
A
collection of cell bodies within the PNS
3
Q
what are axons
A
area of neuron that communicate info away from the neuron to an effector gland
4
Q
what substance surrounds neurons
A
myelin sheath
5
Q
list the cell types that produce myelin sheaths
A
oligodendrocytes in CNS
Schwann cells in the PNS
6
Q
sympathetic nerve innervation is cranio-sacral or thoraco-lumbar
A
thoraco-lumbar from T1-L2
7
Q
list the cranial nerves and spinal nerves that communicate parasympathetic innervation
A
cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X
sacral spinal nerves S2-4
8
Q
how many spinal nerves are there and describe their distribution across the levels of spinal column
A
31 C1-8 T1-12 L1-5 S1-5 Co1
9
Q
anterior is synonymous with dorsal/ventral
A
ventral
10
Q
posterior is synonymous with dorsal/ventral
A
dorsal
11
Q
what is a dermatome
A
area of skin supplied with sensory innervation from a single spinal nerve
12
Q
what is a myotome
A
the skeletal muscles supplied with motor innervation from a single spinal nerve
13
Q
where is the T4 dermatome located
A
male nipple
14
Q
where is the T10 dermatome located
A
umbilicus
15
Q
list the three swellings in the neural tube at 4 weeks gestation from cranial to caudal
A
prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon
16
Q
at 6-8 weeks list the 5 swellings of the brain from cranial to caudal
A
telencephalon
diencephalon – two formed from prosencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
mylencephalon – two formed from rhombencephalon
17
Q
in the mature brain the telencephalon becomes
A
cerebral hemispheres
18
Q
in the mature brain the diencephalon becomes
A
thalamus and hypothalamus
19
Q
in the mature brain the mesencephalon becomes
A
midbrain
20
Q
in the mature brain the metencephalon becomes
A
pons and cerebellum
21
Q
in the mature brain the myelcephalon becomes
A
medulla oblongata
22
Q
list the parts of the brainstem in anterior to posterior
A
midbrain
pons
medulla
23
Q
what is the function of a neuron
A
communicator cell which receives information via synapses to other neurons or effector cells
24
Q
what is the function of glial cells
A
role is to hold neurons together as the CNS lacks connective tissue
25
what are the 4 types of glial cells and their function
astrocytes - star shaped, role in support and maintaining blood brain barrier
oligodendrocytes - produce myelin in CNS
microglia - similar role to macrophages in immune support
ependymal cells - epithelium that lines the ventricles between brain and CSF
26
what is gyrus
a lump projecting upwards from the brain
27
what is a sulcus
a bend folding inwards, a large sulcus is known as a fissure
28
what is within the grey matter in the brain and where is it located
grey matter contains neurons, cell processes and synapses. found on the outline of the brain mainly
29
what is within the white matter of the brain and whereabouts is it located
no neurons present just myelinated axons and support cells. found on the inside of the brain
30
describe the layout of the grey and white matter in the spinal cord
grey matter arranged in an H shape with the white matter around the outside of it
31
list the lobes of the brain
```
frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
insular
```
32
what is the main function of the insular lobe
role in patients experience of pain
33
what are meninges
membranous covering of the CNS, provide framework for cerebral and cranial vasculature
34
list the 3 layers of the meninges from superficial to deep
dura mater
arachnoid mater (contains subarachnoid space)
pia mater
35
what is found within the subarachnoid space
CSF
36
describe the pathway of nerves from a spinal nerve
spinal nerve - rootlets - anterior and posterior roots - pass through intervertebral foramina - dorsal root ganglia (if posterior) - roots fuse to form the mixed spinal nerve rami
37
what vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate
L1/2
38
where is the primary somatosensory cortex located
post central gyrus of the parietal lobe
39
list the two ascending tracts that convey somatosensory information to the brain
dorsal column medial lemniscus
| spinothalamic tract
40
what type of sensory information does the DCML convey
fine touch and conscious proprioception such as pressure, touch, vibration, conscious movement
41
what sulcus separates the occipital lobe from the parietal lobe
parietal-occipital sulcus
42
Dorsal columns of the somatosensory pathway consist of which 2 tracts?
fasciculus gracilis
| fasciculus cuneatus
43
fasciculus gracilis carries sensory information from which parts of the body
T6 and below
44
fasciculus cuneatus carries sensory information from which part of the body
T6 and above including the trunk
45
where does decussation of fibres occur in the dorsal column/medial lemniscus tract occur?
synapse in the medulla and move to the contralateral side
46
what type of sensory information does the spinothalamic tract carry to the brain
pain, temperature, itch and deep pressure
47
what type of sensory information does the dorsal column medial lemniscus carry to the brain
fine touch, proprioception
48
where do the axons synapse in the spinothalamic tract
immediately in the spinal cord, move to the contralateral side and travel into thalamus in the midbrain
49
sensation felt from the right side of the body is interpreted by which side of the brain
left side
50
what descending tracts are responsible for conveying motor information to effector organs
corticospinal tract
vestibulospinal tract
tectospinal tract
reticulospinal tract
51
the cerebellum is an extension of which part of the brain and where is it located
pons
| posterior cranial fossa
52
list the three lobes of the cerebellum
anterior, posterior and flocculonodular lobes
53
what are the functions of the dural folds
layers of the meninges that separate areas of the brain
54
where is the falx cerebelli located
located posterior to the cerebellum - sickle shaped
55
where is the tentorium cerebelli located
tent covering separating the cerebellum from the cerebral hemispheres
56
where is the falx cerebelli located
in between the two cerebral hemispheres, descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure
57
what is the function of the peducles attached to the cerebellum
form attachments between the cerebellum and the brainstem
58
what is the function of the corticospinal tract
fine, precise movements of the digits
59
describe the route of the corticospinal tract
pyramids are formed on anterior surface of the medulla, 85% of fibres decussate at the caudal medulla and remaining uncrossed/ventral fibres cross segmentally
60
what is the function of the tectospinal tract
facilitates head movements from response to visual stimuli
61
where does the tectospinal tract originate
the superior colliculus
62
where do fibres of the reticulospinal tract originate from
pons and medulla, function is control of voluntary movement
63
where does the rubrospinal tract originate from
red nucleus of the midbrain
64
do fibres of the rubrospinal and tectospinal tracts decussate
yes whereas vestibulospinal and recticulospinal tracts do not decussate
65
what is the function of the vestibulospinal tract
excitatory input to antigravity extensor muscles controlling body movement in space
66
name the 4 extra-pyramidal descending tracts
vestibulospinal
reticulospinal
rubrospinal
tectospinal
67
what embryological structure is the cerebellum derived from
metencephalon
68
what is the main function of the cerebellum
motor control, active in precision and timings of movements
69
describe the anatomical location of the cerebellum
back of the brain, inferior to the occipital lobe in the posterior cranial fossa
is an extension of the pons
70
list the 3 dural folds that separate parts of the brain
tentorium cerebelli
falx cerebelli
falx cerebri
71
where is the tentorium cerebelli
separates the occipital lobe from the cerebellum
72
where is the falx cerebri located
separates the cerebral hemispheres in sagittal plane
73
where is the falx cerebelli located
fold over the posterior cranial fossa
| sickle shaped
74
what structure connects the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum
vermis
75
name the 3 lobes of the cerebellum
anterior
posterior
flocculonodular
76
what fissure separates the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum
primary fissure
77
what fissure separates the posterior and flocculonodular lobes of the cerebellum
posterolateral fissure
78
when the cerebellum is flattened out, where is the vermis located
in the midline, intermediate zone and lateral zones are on each side laterally
79
what are the 3 functional divisions of the cerebellum
vestibulocerebellum
spinocerebellum
pontocerebellum
80
which part of the cerebellum controls balance and ocular reflexes
vestibulocerebellum
81
which part of the cerebellum controls planning of movements and motor learning
pontocerebellum
82
which part of the cerebellum controls automatic function and error correction such as posture
spinocerebellum
83
cerebellar hemispheres influence the contralateral or ipsilateral side
ipsilateral
84
describe the features seen with a unilateral cerebellar hemisphere lesion
disturbance in coordination of limbs
intention tremor
unsteady gait
no weakness or sensory loss
85
describe the features seen with bilateral cerebellar dysfunction
dysarthria
bilateral incoordination
staggering, wide based cerebellar gait
86
what are the basal ganglia
number of subcortical nuclei, act as part of feedback system feeding information to cortex via thalamus
technically would be basal nuclei as present in the CNS
87
outline 3 main functions of the basal ganglia
facilitate purposeful movements
inhibit unwanted movements
role in posture and muscle tone
88
outline all the nuclei that make up the basal ganglia
```
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
substantia nigra
subthalamic nucleus
```
89
which 2 nuclei make up the striatum
caudate nucleus and putamen
90
which 3 nuclei make up the corpus striatum
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
91
which 2 nuclei make up the lenticular nucleus
putamen
| globus pallidus
92
where is the caudate nucleus located
lateral wall of the lateral ventricle
| C shape when mature
93
where is the lenticular nucleus located
inferior to thalamus
| putamen on lateral aspect and globus pallidus is more medial
94
which part of the brain is substantia nigra located
within the midbrain
95
a unilateral lesion of the basal ganglia will affect the ipsilateral or contralateral side
contralateral
96
basal ganglia lesions will cause paralysis, loss of power and ataxia true/false
false
97
describe the symptoms seen with lesions of the basal ganglia
changes in muscle tone
dyskinesia
chorea
myoclonus
98
name 2 conditions that affect the basal ganglia
Parkinsons
| Huntingtons
