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IKK - Anatomy Exam 3 > Gross - Spine and Back > Flashcards

Gross - Spine and Back Flashcards

1
Q

What is the internervous plane on the back?

A

midline of back

no innervation down midline of back - good for surgical intervention

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2
Q

What portion of the back is good for surgical intervention because there is no innervation?

A

internervous plane

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3
Q

What are the two primary curvatures of the spine?

Are they convex/concave?

Are they lordosis/kyphosis?

A

thoracic and sacroccygeal

kyphosis

convex

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4
Q

What are the two secondary curvatures of the spine?

Are they convex/concave?

Are they lordosis/kyphosis?

A

cervical/lumbar

lordosis

cocave

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5
Q

What are the main two ligaments of the atlantoaxial joint?

A

posterior longitudinal ligament

anterior longitudinal ligament

(they are posterior/anterior to the vertebral BODY)

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6
Q

What do the posterior/anterior longitudinal ligaments on the antlantoaxial joint do?

A

help maintain a large deal of stability from the vertebral column

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7
Q

What is the vertebral canal called in the superior/inferior aspect of the sacrum?

A

superior sacrum - sacral canal

inferior sacrum - sacral hiatus

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8
Q

What is special about the foramina of the sacrum?

A

anterior/posterior foramina

anterior foramina - for ventral ramus passage

posterior foramina - for dorsal ramus passage

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9
Q

Is spinal cord present in the sacral canal?

A

No.

It is cauda equina (horsetail) - spinal nerves enclosed by dura mater continuation from spinal cord

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10
Q

What is cauda equina and where is it located?

A

horsetail.

spinal nerves enclosed by dura mater continuation from spinal cord

found in the sacral canal

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of occulta spina bifida?

A

most common type (10% population)

In L5-S1, identified with patches of hair.

Mostly asymptomatic

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12
Q

What are the two forms of spina bifida where there is failure for the posterior arch to fuse?

What is specific of each of these types?

A

Meningocele - contains CSF

myelominengocele - contains spinal cord itsel

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13
Q

What are meningocele and myelominengocele?

What is the difference

A

These are each forms of spina bifida in which the posterior arch of vertebrae failed to fuse correctly

meningocele- contains CSF

myelomeningeocele - contains spinal cord

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14
Q

Describe the naming of spinal cords relative to their vertebral levels

A

Spinal nerves C2-C7 emerge above pedicles of corresponding vertebrae

Spinal nerves C8-Rest of spinal cord emerge below pedicles of corresponding vertebrae

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15
Q

What is a laminectamy? What is seen what this is done?

A

remove the vertebral laminae

To see the dorsal surface of the cords/roots

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16
Q

Describe the general cervical vertebrael vasculature

A

vertebrael/ascending cervical arteries

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17
Q

Describe the general cervical innervation

A

Recurrent meningeal branches of spinal nerveds

recurrent - follows back on it’s own path

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18
Q

What are the 3 basic groups of back muscles and their basic functions?

A
  1. superficial (anchor UL to axial skeleton)
  2. intermediate (assist in respiration)
  3. deep muscles (maintain posture, act on vertebral column to raise/lower spine)
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19
Q

What are the 5 muscles of the superficial back?

A
  1. trapezius m
  2. lattisimus dorsi m
  3. levator scapulae m
  4. rhomboid minor m
  5. rhomboid major m
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20
Q

What is the action of trapezius muscle?

A

trapezius is superficial back muscle

it elevates, depresses, and retracts the scapula

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21
Q

Describe the different fibers of the trapezius muscle and how they affect the action

A

upper fibers: elevate

middle fibers (transverse): adduct/retract

lower fibers (oblique): assist rotating the scapula during abduction of the humerus

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22
Q

Describe the neurovasculature of the trapezius muscle

A

Motor: accessory nerve (cn XI)

Proprioception: C3/4

Transverse cervical vessels

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23
Q

Describe how the accessory nerve (cn xi), motor, runs along the trapezius muscle?

A

accessory nerve runs deep along the trapezius muscle of superficial back

posterioinferiorly from jugular foramen

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24
Q

Describe how C3/C4, proprioception, runs along the trapezius muscle?

A

C3/C4 run deep to trapezius muscle of superficial back

posteriorly from intervertebral foramina

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25
Q

Describe how transverse cervical vessels run along the trapezius muscle?

A

runs deep to trapezius muscle of superficial back

posterolaterally from thyrocervical trunk

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26
Q

What is the subtrapezius plexus made up of? Where is it?

A

Mostly the accessory nerve and superficial branch of the transverse cervical vessels

on the underside of the trapezius muscle

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27
Q

What are the actions of the lattisimus dorsi muscle?

A

adducts

extends and medially rotates the humerus

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28
Q

What is the neurovasculature of the lattisimus dorsi muscle?

A

thoracodorsal nerve

thoracordorsal vessels
interocstal vessels

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29
Q

Why does the lattisimus dorsi muscle have two separate vessels supplying it? What are they?

A

thoracodorsal vessels and intercostal vessels

this is because lattismus dorsi is a humongous muscle

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30
Q

Describe the levator scapulae muscle

A

muscle of the superficial back

long, thin badn that comes from the superior angle on the medial surface of the scapula

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31
Q

What is the action of the levator scapulae muscle?

A

elevate the scapula

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32
Q

What is the neurovasculature of the levator scapulae muscle?

A

C3/C4 innervation
dorsal scapular nerve

dorsal scapular vessels

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33
Q

Describe the rhomboid major and minor muscles

A

muscles of the superficial back

deep to the trapezius muscle
- when trapezius is in place, can only see the most inferior portion of rhomboid major

remember - minor over major

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34
Q

What are the actions of rhomboid major and minor?

A

retract, adduct, elevate the scapula

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35
Q

What is the neurovasculature of the rhomboid major and minor?

A

dorsal scapular nerve

dorsal scapular vessels

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36
Q

What is the general function for intermediate back muscles?

A

assist in respiration and proprioception

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37
Q

What are the two intermediate back muscles?

A

serratus posterior superior

serratus posterior inferior

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38
Q

Describe the intermediate back muscles physical characteristics

A

very thin and flat muscle fibers

serratus posterior superior - upside down V shape most superior

serratus posterior inferior - broader bands but still thin/flat and right side up v shape

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39
Q

Are the deep muscles of the back short or long?

A

LONG. span the entire length of the back

40
Q

Why is naming the deep back muscles different than naming the superficial and intermediate back muscles?

A

because deep back muscles all span the entire length of the back, they each have a second part of the name to denote where on the back we’re talking about.

We talk about the most predominant one

41
Q

What is the neurovasculature for ALL of the deep muscles of the back?

A

posterior rami!

42
Q

Splenius capitus: where is it physically?

A

spanning from skull and overlying semispinalis

43
Q

Describe the action of splenius capitus (bilaterally and unilaterally)

A

bilaterally: draws head backwards and extends the neck
unilaterally: rotates the head and face ipsilaterally

44
Q

Describe the action of splenius cervicis (bilaterally and unilaterally)

A

Bilaterally: extends the neck (does NOT draw head backward)

unilaterally: rotates head and face ipsilaterally

45
Q

Why does splenius capitis draw the head back when working bilaterally but splenius cervicis does not?

A

because splenius cervicis is in the cervical region - it only works on the head (extends)

46
Q

Splenius mm aka ____

A

spinotranversales

47
Q

Describe where semispinalias capitis is phyiscally?

A

semispinalis lies deep to splenius capitis, more horizontal

48
Q

Semispinalias mm aka ____

A

transversospinalis

49
Q

What is semispinalis action (bilaterally and unilaterally)

A

bilaterally: extends vertebral column
unilaterally: rotates trunk contralaterally (except seminispinalis capitis which rotates head ipsilaterally)

50
Q

How is the action different for semispinalis capitis vs the rest of semispinalias mm unilaterally?

A

rest of semispinalis = rotates trunk contralaterally

semispinalis capitis = rotates head ipsilaterally

51
Q

Where is the greater occipital nerve (C2) found in the occipital region?

A

in sub-cutaneous tissue, just inferior/lateral to external occipital protuberance

pierces semispinalis capitis muscle

52
Q

Greater occipital nerve (C2) pierces ____ mm

A

semispinalis capitis

53
Q

Where are the occipital vessels in relation to the greater occipital nerve?

A

occipital vessels are just lateral to greater occipital nerve

54
Q

Where is the third occipital nerve (C3) in relation to the occipital region?

A

lower and just lateral to midline

55
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the suboccipital region?

A
  1. rectis capitis posterior minor
  2. rectis capitis posterior major
  3. obliquos capitis superior
  4. obliquis capitis inferior
56
Q

Describe rectis capitis posterior minor’s physical location compared to rectis capitis posterior major

A

rectis capitis posterior minor is closest to the midline

rectis capitis posterior major is just inferior to rectis capitis posterior minor

57
Q

What is the suboccipital triangle made up of?

A

rectis capitis posterior major

obliqous capitis superior

obliquis capitis inferior

58
Q

What two structures are found within the suboccipital triangle?

A

Dorsal root of C1 (supplies all 4 muscles of suboccipital region)

Vertebral artery (goes along the floor of triangle, goes through the transverse foramina in cervical vertebrae)

59
Q

What is the neurovasculature for the entire suboccipital region?

A

Dorsal root of C1 and it’s branches supply all 4 muscles of the suboccipital region

60
Q

What is the bony prominence that acts as an anchor between oliqous capitis inferior and onbliquis capitis superior?

A

transverse process of atlas (C1)

within suboccipital region

61
Q

the transverse process of the atlast (c1) acts as an anchor for ____ and ____

A

obliquis capitis inferior and obliquis capitis superior

muscles of suboccipital region

62
Q

What is the bony prominence that acts as an anchor between obliquis capitis inferior and rectus capitis posterior major?

A

spinous process of axis (C2)

63
Q

The spinous process of axis (C2) acts as an anchor for ___ and ____

A

obliqous capitis inferior and rectus capitis posterior major

64
Q

What are the erector spinae mm?

A

lateral to medial:

iliocostalis m
longissimus m
spinalis m

“i love spaghetti”

65
Q

Where are the erector spinae mm most prominent?

A

in lumbar and sacral regions

66
Q

What is the action of the erector spinae mm?

A

Erect the spins (postural muscles)

primary extensors of the head and spine

67
Q

What are the primary extensors of the head and spine?

A

erector spinae mm

iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis m

68
Q

Describe the multifidus m physically

A

(deep back)

spans 2-4 vertebrae in the lumbar region (deep to longissimus)

69
Q

What is the neurovasculature of erector spinae mm?

A

dorsal rami of spinal n

lumbar and intercostal vessels

70
Q

What is the neurovasculature of multifidus m?

A

dorsal rami of spinal nn

lumbar vv

71
Q

Multifidus is found deep to ____. However, they are both found in the ___ layer of back musculature.

A

Multifidus is found deep to longissimus

But they are both found in the deep layer of the back musculature

72
Q

Describe the rotatores muscle physically

A

Span 1-2 vertebrae, not well identified for practical

73
Q

What is the action of the rotatores muscle?

A

rotates spine

bilaterally: extends vertebral column (minor extension because so small)
unilaterally: rotates contralaterally

74
Q

What is the neurovasculature of the rotatores muscle?

A

dorsal rami of spinal n

intercostal vessels

75
Q

What are the 3 minor muscles of the deep back?

A

interspinalis muscle

intertransversarius muscle

levatores costarum

76
Q

What is the action of interspinalis muscle?

A

(minor muscle of deep back)

minor extensor of spine

77
Q

Where is interspinalis muscle?

A

(minor muscle of deep back)

between spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae

78
Q

What is the action of intertransversarius muscle?

A

(minor muscle of deep back)

minor lateral flexors of the spine

79
Q

Where is intertransversarius muscle?

A

(minor muscle of deep back)

Between transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae

80
Q

What is the action of levatores costarum?

A

(minor muscle of deep back)

minor elevators of ribs (for inspiration)

81
Q

Where is levatores costarum?

A

(minor muscle of deep back)

Between the transverse processes of vertebrae to ribs

82
Q

Superficial back muscles are innervated by _____

A

ventral rami

83
Q

Intermediate back muscles are innervated by _____

A

ventral rami

84
Q

Deep back muscles are innervated by ____

A

dorsal rami

85
Q

Is serratus anterior m a muscle of the back?

A

no.

muscle of the upper extremity.

but plays a large role/seen in back dissection

86
Q

Serratus anterior m is deep to ____

A

lattisimus dorsi m

87
Q

What is the action of serratus anterior m?

A

protracts scapula and holds it to the body wall

88
Q

What is the neurovasculature of serratus anterior m?

A

long thoracic nerve

lateral thoracic vessels

89
Q

What causes winging of the scapula?

A

malfunctioning of the serratus anterior muscle

aka long thoracic nerve damage

90
Q

What are the 2 triangles of the superficial back?

A

Triangle of auscultation

Lumbar Triangle

91
Q

What are the boundaries of the triangle of auscultation?

A

superior: trapezius m
inferior: latissimus dorsi m
lateral: rhomboid major m
floor: 6th intercostal space

92
Q

The triangle of auscultation is found between which ribs? in which intercostal space?

A

between ribs 6 and 7

in the 6th intercostal space

93
Q

Triangle of auscultation is accentuated when ____

A

the scapula is protracted

94
Q

The triangle of auscultation is used to listen to ____

A

the organs of the thorax with a stethoscope.

Diagnostic importance.

Located in the 6th intercostal space because this is where it is “least obstructed” by mm

95
Q

What are the boundaries of the lumbar triangle?

A

medial: lattisimus dorsi m
lateral: external oblique m
inferior: iliac crest
floor: internal oblique m

96
Q

Lumbar triangle can become a site of a ____

A

lumbar hernia

IKK - Anatomy Exam 3 (11 decks)

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