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IKK - Anatomy Exam 3 > Gross - Spine and Back > Flashcards

Gross - Spine and Back Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the internervous plane on the back?

A

midline of back

no innervation down midline of back - good for surgical intervention

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2
Q

What portion of the back is good for surgical intervention because there is no innervation?

A

internervous plane

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3
Q

What are the two primary curvatures of the spine?

Are they convex/concave?

Are they lordosis/kyphosis?

A

thoracic and sacroccygeal

kyphosis

convex

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4
Q

What are the two secondary curvatures of the spine?

Are they convex/concave?

Are they lordosis/kyphosis?

A

cervical/lumbar

lordosis

cocave

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5
Q

What are the main two ligaments of the atlantoaxial joint?

A

posterior longitudinal ligament

anterior longitudinal ligament

(they are posterior/anterior to the vertebral BODY)

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6
Q

What do the posterior/anterior longitudinal ligaments on the antlantoaxial joint do?

A

help maintain a large deal of stability from the vertebral column

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7
Q

What is the vertebral canal called in the superior/inferior aspect of the sacrum?

A

superior sacrum - sacral canal

inferior sacrum - sacral hiatus

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8
Q

What is special about the foramina of the sacrum?

A

anterior/posterior foramina

anterior foramina - for ventral ramus passage

posterior foramina - for dorsal ramus passage

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9
Q

Is spinal cord present in the sacral canal?

A

No.

It is cauda equina (horsetail) - spinal nerves enclosed by dura mater continuation from spinal cord

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10
Q

What is cauda equina and where is it located?

A

horsetail.

spinal nerves enclosed by dura mater continuation from spinal cord

found in the sacral canal

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of occulta spina bifida?

A

most common type (10% population)

In L5-S1, identified with patches of hair.

Mostly asymptomatic

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12
Q

What are the two forms of spina bifida where there is failure for the posterior arch to fuse?

What is specific of each of these types?

A

Meningocele - contains CSF

myelominengocele - contains spinal cord itsel

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13
Q

What are meningocele and myelominengocele?

What is the difference

A

These are each forms of spina bifida in which the posterior arch of vertebrae failed to fuse correctly

meningocele- contains CSF

myelomeningeocele - contains spinal cord

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14
Q

Describe the naming of spinal cords relative to their vertebral levels

A

Spinal nerves C2-C7 emerge above pedicles of corresponding vertebrae

Spinal nerves C8-Rest of spinal cord emerge below pedicles of corresponding vertebrae

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15
Q

What is a laminectamy? What is seen what this is done?

A

remove the vertebral laminae

To see the dorsal surface of the cords/roots

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16
Q

Describe the general cervical vertebrael vasculature

A

vertebrael/ascending cervical arteries

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17
Q

Describe the general cervical innervation

A

Recurrent meningeal branches of spinal nerveds

recurrent - follows back on it’s own path

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18
Q

What are the 3 basic groups of back muscles and their basic functions?

A
  1. superficial (anchor UL to axial skeleton)
  2. intermediate (assist in respiration)
  3. deep muscles (maintain posture, act on vertebral column to raise/lower spine)
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19
Q

What are the 5 muscles of the superficial back?

A
  1. trapezius m
  2. lattisimus dorsi m
  3. levator scapulae m
  4. rhomboid minor m
  5. rhomboid major m
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20
Q

What is the action of trapezius muscle?

A

trapezius is superficial back muscle

it elevates, depresses, and retracts the scapula

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21
Q

Describe the different fibers of the trapezius muscle and how they affect the action

A

upper fibers: elevate

middle fibers (transverse): adduct/retract

lower fibers (oblique): assist rotating the scapula during abduction of the humerus

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22
Q

Describe the neurovasculature of the trapezius muscle

A

Motor: accessory nerve (cn XI)

Proprioception: C3/4

Transverse cervical vessels

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23
Q

Describe how the accessory nerve (cn xi), motor, runs along the trapezius muscle?

A

accessory nerve runs deep along the trapezius muscle of superficial back

posterioinferiorly from jugular foramen

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24
Q

Describe how C3/C4, proprioception, runs along the trapezius muscle?

A

C3/C4 run deep to trapezius muscle of superficial back

posteriorly from intervertebral foramina

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25
Describe how transverse cervical vessels run along the trapezius muscle?
runs deep to trapezius muscle of superficial back posterolaterally from thyrocervical trunk
26
What is the subtrapezius plexus made up of? Where is it?
Mostly the accessory nerve and superficial branch of the transverse cervical vessels on the underside of the trapezius muscle
27
What are the actions of the lattisimus dorsi muscle?
adducts extends and medially rotates the humerus
28
What is the neurovasculature of the lattisimus dorsi muscle?
thoracodorsal nerve thoracordorsal vessels interocstal vessels
29
Why does the lattisimus dorsi muscle have two separate vessels supplying it? What are they?
thoracodorsal vessels and intercostal vessels this is because lattismus dorsi is a humongous muscle
30
Describe the levator scapulae muscle
muscle of the superficial back long, thin badn that comes from the superior angle on the medial surface of the scapula
31
What is the action of the levator scapulae muscle?
elevate the scapula
32
What is the neurovasculature of the levator scapulae muscle?
C3/C4 innervation dorsal scapular nerve dorsal scapular vessels
33
Describe the rhomboid major and minor muscles
muscles of the superficial back deep to the trapezius muscle - when trapezius is in place, can only see the most inferior portion of rhomboid major remember - minor over major
34
What are the actions of rhomboid major and minor?
retract, adduct, elevate the scapula
35
What is the neurovasculature of the rhomboid major and minor?
dorsal scapular nerve dorsal scapular vessels
36
What is the general function for intermediate back muscles?
assist in respiration and proprioception
37
What are the two intermediate back muscles?
serratus posterior superior serratus posterior inferior
38
Describe the intermediate back muscles physical characteristics
very thin and flat muscle fibers serratus posterior superior - upside down V shape most superior serratus posterior inferior - broader bands but still thin/flat and right side up v shape
39
Are the deep muscles of the back short or long?
LONG. span the entire length of the back
40
Why is naming the deep back muscles different than naming the superficial and intermediate back muscles?
because deep back muscles all span the entire length of the back, they each have a second part of the name to denote where on the back we're talking about. We talk about the most predominant one
41
What is the neurovasculature for ALL of the deep muscles of the back?
posterior rami!
42
Splenius capitus: where is it physically?
spanning from skull and overlying semispinalis
43
Describe the action of splenius capitus (bilaterally and unilaterally)
bilaterally: draws head backwards and extends the neck unilaterally: rotates the head and face ipsilaterally
44
Describe the action of splenius cervicis (bilaterally and unilaterally)
Bilaterally: extends the neck (does NOT draw head backward) unilaterally: rotates head and face ipsilaterally
45
Why does splenius capitis draw the head back when working bilaterally but splenius cervicis does not?
because splenius cervicis is in the cervical region - it only works on the head (extends)
46
Splenius mm aka ____
spinotranversales
47
Describe where semispinalias capitis is phyiscally?
semispinalis lies deep to splenius capitis, more horizontal
48
Semispinalias mm aka ____
transversospinalis
49
What is semispinalis action (bilaterally and unilaterally)
bilaterally: extends vertebral column unilaterally: rotates trunk contralaterally (except seminispinalis capitis which rotates head ipsilaterally)
50
How is the action different for semispinalis capitis vs the rest of semispinalias mm unilaterally?
rest of semispinalis = rotates trunk contralaterally semispinalis capitis = rotates head ipsilaterally
51
Where is the greater occipital nerve (C2) found in the occipital region?
in sub-cutaneous tissue, just inferior/lateral to external occipital protuberance pierces semispinalis capitis muscle
52
Greater occipital nerve (C2) pierces ____ mm
semispinalis capitis
53
Where are the occipital vessels in relation to the greater occipital nerve?
occipital vessels are just lateral to greater occipital nerve
54
Where is the third occipital nerve (C3) in relation to the occipital region?
lower and just lateral to midline
55
What are the 4 muscles of the suboccipital region?
1. rectis capitis posterior minor 2. rectis capitis posterior major 3. obliquos capitis superior 4. obliquis capitis inferior
56
Describe rectis capitis posterior minor's physical location compared to rectis capitis posterior major
rectis capitis posterior minor is closest to the midline rectis capitis posterior major is just inferior to rectis capitis posterior minor
57
What is the suboccipital triangle made up of?
rectis capitis posterior major obliqous capitis superior obliquis capitis inferior
58
What two structures are found within the suboccipital triangle?
Dorsal root of C1 (supplies all 4 muscles of suboccipital region) Vertebral artery (goes along the floor of triangle, goes through the transverse foramina in cervical vertebrae)
59
What is the neurovasculature for the entire suboccipital region?
Dorsal root of C1 and it's branches supply all 4 muscles of the suboccipital region
60
What is the bony prominence that acts as an anchor between oliqous capitis inferior and onbliquis capitis superior?
transverse process of atlas (C1) | within suboccipital region
61
the transverse process of the atlast (c1) acts as an anchor for ____ and ____
obliquis capitis inferior and obliquis capitis superior | muscles of suboccipital region
62
What is the bony prominence that acts as an anchor between obliquis capitis inferior and rectus capitis posterior major?
spinous process of axis (C2)
63
The spinous process of axis (C2) acts as an anchor for ___ and ____
obliqous capitis inferior and rectus capitis posterior major
64
What are the erector spinae mm?
lateral to medial: iliocostalis m longissimus m spinalis m "i love spaghetti"
65
Where are the erector spinae mm most prominent?
in lumbar and sacral regions
66
What is the action of the erector spinae mm?
Erect the spins (postural muscles) primary extensors of the head and spine
67
What are the primary extensors of the head and spine?
erector spinae mm | iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis m
68
Describe the multifidus m physically
(deep back) spans 2-4 vertebrae in the lumbar region (deep to longissimus)
69
What is the neurovasculature of erector spinae mm?
dorsal rami of spinal n lumbar and intercostal vessels
70
What is the neurovasculature of multifidus m?
dorsal rami of spinal nn lumbar vv
71
Multifidus is found deep to ____. However, they are both found in the ___ layer of back musculature.
Multifidus is found deep to longissimus But they are both found in the deep layer of the back musculature
72
Describe the rotatores muscle physically
Span 1-2 vertebrae, not well identified for practical
73
What is the action of the rotatores muscle?
rotates spine bilaterally: extends vertebral column (minor extension because so small) unilaterally: rotates contralaterally
74
What is the neurovasculature of the rotatores muscle?
dorsal rami of spinal n intercostal vessels
75
What are the 3 minor muscles of the deep back?
interspinalis muscle intertransversarius muscle levatores costarum
76
What is the action of interspinalis muscle?
(minor muscle of deep back) minor extensor of spine
77
Where is interspinalis muscle?
(minor muscle of deep back) between spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
78
What is the action of intertransversarius muscle?
(minor muscle of deep back) minor lateral flexors of the spine
79
Where is intertransversarius muscle?
(minor muscle of deep back) Between transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae
80
What is the action of levatores costarum?
(minor muscle of deep back) minor elevators of ribs (for inspiration)
81
Where is levatores costarum?
(minor muscle of deep back) Between the transverse processes of vertebrae to ribs
82
Superficial back muscles are innervated by _____
ventral rami
83
Intermediate back muscles are innervated by _____
ventral rami
84
Deep back muscles are innervated by ____
dorsal rami
85
Is serratus anterior m a muscle of the back?
no. muscle of the upper extremity. but plays a large role/seen in back dissection
86
Serratus anterior m is deep to ____
lattisimus dorsi m
87
What is the action of serratus anterior m?
protracts scapula and holds it to the body wall
88
What is the neurovasculature of serratus anterior m?
long thoracic nerve lateral thoracic vessels
89
What causes winging of the scapula?
malfunctioning of the serratus anterior muscle aka long thoracic nerve damage
90
What are the 2 triangles of the superficial back?
Triangle of auscultation Lumbar Triangle
91
What are the boundaries of the triangle of auscultation?
superior: trapezius m inferior: latissimus dorsi m lateral: rhomboid major m floor: 6th intercostal space
92
The triangle of auscultation is found between which ribs? in which intercostal space?
between ribs 6 and 7 in the 6th intercostal space
93
Triangle of auscultation is accentuated when ____
the scapula is protracted
94
The triangle of auscultation is used to listen to ____
the organs of the thorax with a stethoscope. Diagnostic importance. Located in the 6th intercostal space because this is where it is "least obstructed" by mm
95
What are the boundaries of the lumbar triangle?
medial: lattisimus dorsi m lateral: external oblique m inferior: iliac crest floor: internal oblique m
96
Lumbar triangle can become a site of a ____
lumbar hernia

IKK - Anatomy Exam 3 (11 decks)

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