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IKK - Anatomy Exam 3 > Histo - Integumentary System > Flashcards

Histo - Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of integumentary system?

A

Skin and epidermal derivatives

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2
Q

What are epidermal derivatives?

A

Hair follicles, hair, sweat glands, oil glands, nails

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3
Q

What are the 6 major functions of the integumentary system?

A
  1. Protective
  2. Immunologic
  3. Homeostasis
  4. Sensory
  5. Endocrine
  6. Exocrine
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4
Q

What are the 2 layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis and dermis

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5
Q

Which is superficial/deep: epidermis vs dermis?

A 
epidermis = superficial
dermis = deep
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6
Q

What is the epidermis made up of? What is the dermis made up of?

A

EPDIERMIS =
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium,

DERMIS =
connective tissue

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7
Q

What are the epidermis/dermis derivatives of?

A

Epidermis - ectoderm derivative

Dermis - mesoderm derivative

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8
Q

Which is avascular/vascular: epidermis vs dermis?

A

epidermis - avascular, receives nourishment from dermis

dermis - highly vascularized

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9
Q

What is the layer deep to the skin? All names for it.

A

Hypodermis

aka subcutaneous layer aka subcutaneous fascia

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10
Q

What is the hypodermis composed of? Is it vascularized? How thick is it?

A

adipose tissue

vascularized

thickness varies from person to person

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11
Q

Where is this found: thick skin vs thin skin

A

thick skin = palms of hands / feet
- hairless skin, areas subject to most abrasion

thin skin = everywhere else
- hair follicles are present in most locations

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12
Q

Which layer being thick qualifies an area of skin as being “thick skin”?

How many layers = thick skin?

A

Epidermis.

Must be 5 layers to be thick skin.

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13
Q

Why is upper portion of back not “thick skin”?

A

because the DERMIS is thick. But the epidermis is comparable to other portions of the body, and the epidermis qualifies skin as “thick skin”

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14
Q

What is a strata?

A

a layer

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15
Q

What are the layers of thick skin from deep to superficial?

A
  1. Stratum basale
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum Lucidum
  5. Stratum Corneum
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16
Q

What are 4 cells present in epidermis?

A
  1. Keratinocytes
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Langerhan’s cells
  4. Merkel’s cells
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17
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

cells present in epidermis

pigment producing cells

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18
Q

What are langerhan’s cells?

A

cells present in epidermis

antigen-presenting cells of immune system

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19
Q

What are merke’s cells?

A

cells present in epidermis

mechanoreceptor cells associated with sensory nerve endings

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20
Q

What is the principle cell type in epidermis?

A

keratinocytesw

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21
Q

What do keratinocytes produce?

A

keratin (major structural protein of epidermis)

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22
Q

What does keratin form?

A

keratin filaments (type of intermediate filaments aka tonofilaments)

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23
Q

Which cell type produces the water-barrier?

Why is this necessary?

A

keratinocytes

essential for establishing dry epithelial characteristics in mammals

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24
Q

What are lamellar bodies? What produces them? Where?

A

Produced by keratinocytes
In the stratum spinosum

They are tubular/ovoid shaped membrane-bound organelles

lipid-containing structures

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25
Q

Describe the cells in the stratum basale layer

A

single layer of basophilic cells

small, cuboidal/low columnar

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26
Q

Production of ____ begins in the stratum basale layer

A

intermediate (keratin_ filaments begin here and differentiate as they move upwards

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27
Q

Which epidermis layer is mitotically active?

A

Stratum basale

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28
Q

What does it mean to say that the stratum basale layer is mitotically active?

A

that the stratum basale contains stem cells that give rise to keratinocytes

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29
Q

Describe the cell type in stratum spinosum

A

Keratinocytes exhibit numerous cytoplasmic processes (“spines”)

these processes attached to adjacent cells via DESMOSOMES

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30
Q

What happens during histological preparation of stratum spinosum?

A

Cells shrink, leaves expanded intercellular space between spines

this contributes to spiny / prickly appearance - aka stratum SPINosum

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31
Q

Why is the stratum spinosum named that?

A

because histo processing leaves expanded intercellular space between cytoplasmic processes “spines”

which leads to a spiny/prickly appearance

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32
Q

How are adjacent cytoplasmic processes of keratinocytes attached to one another in stratum spinosum layer?

A

desmosomes

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33
Q

Tonofibrils are formed where?

What are they?

A

Stratum spinosum.

Intermediate filaments (tonofilaments) are bundled together and grouped into tonofibrils

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34
Q

Intermediate filaments are bundled together to form ____ in the ___ layer.

A

tonofibrils

stratum spinosum

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35
Q

What initiates the intermediate filament bundling in the stratum spinosum?

A

keratohyalin granules

contain proteins that promote aggregation

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36
Q

Where does synthesis of keratohyalin granules and lemallar bodies begin?

A

upper portion of stratum spinosum

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37
Q

What 3 things are produced in stratum spinosum?

A
  1. tonofibrils
  2. keratohyalin granules
  3. lamellar bodies
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38
Q

What are the distinguishing features of stratum granulosum?

A

intensely basophilic keratinocytes containing keratinohyalin granules

and bundled tonofilaments into tonofibrils (because these are present everywhere in this layer)

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39
Q

Conversion of granular cells into ___ takes place in which layer?

A

granular cells into cornified cells

takes place in stratum granulosum

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40
Q

Keratinization converts ___ into ___ in which layer?

A

conversion of granular cells into cornified cells in the stratum granulosum

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41
Q

What are cornified cells?

A

dead, a-nucleus cells filled with keratin filaments

produced via keratinization in the stratum granulosum

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42
Q

What happens to the lamellar bodies in the stratum granulosum?

A

lamellar bodies contents are released in the intercellular space between the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum

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43
Q

Where is the stratum lucidum found?

A

thick skin

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44
Q

Which extra layer is found in thick skin?

A

stratum lucidum

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45
Q

Describe the histology of stratum lucidum

A

thin, translucent, eosinophilic cells

nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles are disrupted and disappear because they are mostly keratinized
(because the cells are filling up with keratin)

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46
Q

Describe the cells of the stratum corneum

A

Cells have lost their nuclei and cytoplasmic organelles (consists of flattened, dessicated, a-nucleus cells)

47
Q

What happens to most superficial cells in the stratum corneum?

A

sloughed off

48
Q

Which layer of epidermis is the “mitotically active” layer?

A

stratum basale

49
Q

Which layer of epidermis is the “packaging and releasing” layer?

A

stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum

50
Q

Which layer of epidermis is the “dead packaged cells” layer?

A

stratum corneum

51
Q

Describe the layers involved in the synthesis and bundling of tonofilaments

A

Synthesis begins in stratum basale

Synthesis continues in the stratum spinosum

Bundling into tonofibrils via keratoyhyalin granules takes place in stratum spinosum

52
Q

Which layer is characterized by intensely basophilic keratohyalin granules and releases lamellar bodies?

A

Stratum granulosum

53
Q

Which layer has cornified cells in it?

A

stratum corneum

54
Q

What is the primary function of melanocytes?

A

produce and secrete pigments

55
Q

Where is melanin synthesized and stored?

A

melanosmes

56
Q

Where are melanocytes located?

A

Rounded cell bodies in stratum basale

long processes (dendritic ends) extend upward between keratinocytes in stratum psinosum

57
Q

How are melanosomes transferred?

A

melanosomes (containing melanin) transfered from cell bodies of melanocytes to the dendritic ends of melanocytes.

Once in stratum spinosum, they are transferred to the adjacent keratinocytes

58
Q

Why are melanosomes transferred from melanocytes to keratinocytes?

A

so that the melanin can accumulate over keratinocytes nuclei to protect DNA from UV radiation

59
Q

Describe melanocytes on a histology slide

A

elongated nuclei surrounded by clear cytoplasm

60
Q

Langerhan cells are ____-presenting cells typically found in the ____.

A

antigen-presenting cells

found in stratum spinosum

61
Q

How do langerhan cells interact with antigens?

A

encounter and process antigens at the skin and bring them to T-lymphocytes within the nearby lymph nodes

62
Q

What are langerhan cells derived from?

A

common lymphoid progenetor cells within bone marrow

“bone marrow derived” cells

63
Q

Which cells are “bone marrow derived” cells? What does this mean?

A

langerhan cells

they are derived from lymphoid progenitor cells within bone marrow

64
Q

Where are merkel cells located?

A

stratum basale

65
Q

Which cell type contains neurosecretory granules?

A

merkel’s cells

66
Q

Which cell type is a mechanoreceptor associated with sensory nerve endings?

A

Merkel’s cells

67
Q

What is special about the base of merkel’s cells?

A

base of merkel’s cells are associated with expanded, plate-like terminal of AFFERENT nerve fibers called MERKEL’S CORUSCLE

68
Q

What is merkel’s corpuscle?

A

Base of merkel’s cells are associated with expanded, plate like terminals of afferent nerve fibers called merkel’s corpuscle

69
Q

Where are merkel cells most abundant?

A

In areas of acute sensory perception

70
Q

What are the three types of cancer’s with epidermal origin?

A
  1. Basal Cell Carcinoma
  2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma
  3. Malignant Melanoma
71
Q

Describe basal cell carcinoma and treatment

A

most common type of epidermal cancer

resembles cells of stratum basale

slow growing tumor, least aggressive, least likely to metastisize

treatment = surgical removal of lesion

72
Q

Describe squamous cell carcinoma and treatment

A

second most common type of epidermal cancer

characterized by highly atypical cells at all levels of epidermis (yields variable differentiation patterns)

more aggressive than basal cell carcinoma therefore more likely to metasticize

treatment = varies depending on histo type, size, location

73
Q

Describe malignant melanoma and treatment

A

Most serious form of epidermal cancer

originates from melanocytes

presents as irregularly pigmented, multi-color lesion

localized treatment = surgical removal
advanced treatment = chemotherapy, immunotherapy and surgery

74
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

A

1 papillary layer

2 reticular layer

75
Q

Describe the type of connective tissue found in the 2 layers of the dermis

A

1 pappillary layer (loose areolar ct)

2 reticular layer (dense irregular ct)

76
Q

describe dermal papillae.

where are they found?

A

finger-like connective tissue protrusions that project upward into epidermis at the epidermal-dermal junction

have sensory nerve endings and blood vessels

77
Q

Which layer of the dermis is thickest?

A

reticular layer is considerably thicker than papillary layer

78
Q

Which layer of the dermis has fewer cells?

A

reticular layer has fewer cells than the papillary layer

79
Q

Where are pacinian corpuscles found?

A

dermis and hypodermis

80
Q

Describe pacinian corpuscles

A

large ovoid structures

myelinated nerve endings surrounded by capsule consisting of concentric lamellae

81
Q

What is the inner core of pacinian corpuscles?

A

inner core of pacinian corpuscles =

series of tightly packed, flattened schwann cell lamellae surrounding unmyelinated axons

82
Q

What do pacinian corpuscles detect?

A

pressure and vibrations

83
Q

Describe meissner’s corpucsles

A

tapered, cylindrical structures

flattened schwann cell forms lamellae

unmyelinated nerve endings follow spiral paths in corpuscle

84
Q

Where are meissner’s corpuscles located?

A

dermal papillae of hairless skin

85
Q

What do meissner’s corpuscles detect?

A

light touch

86
Q

What are epidermal skin appendages derived from?

A

epidermal epithelium during development

87
Q

What are 4 examples of epidermal skin appendages?

A

hair/hair follicles

eccrine sweat (sudoriferous) glands

apocrine sweat (sudoriferous) glands

sebacious (oil) glands

88
Q

Define hair and hair follicles

A

hair = elongated filamentous, keratinized structures that project through hair follicles

hair follicles = responsible for production/growth of hair

89
Q

Where are hair/hair follicles found?

A

along surface of most of skin but NOT on thick skin (also not on urogenital orifices/lips)

90
Q

What type of muscle is the arrector pili muscle?

A

smooth muscle

91
Q

Where does the arrector pili muscle extend to/from?

A

extends from connective tissue sheath surrounding hair follicle to papillary layer of dermis

92
Q

What happens with contraction of arrector pili muscle?

A

hair “stands up” resulting in “goosebumps”

93
Q

Arrector pili muscle plays a role in ___ .

Controlled by what?

A

has a role in insulation

controlled by sympathetic innervation

94
Q

Describe where it is found: eccrine gland vs apocrine gland

A

eccrine gland = widely distributed on most parts of skin (mostly on thick skin)

apocrine gland = axillary and perineal regions of skin

95
Q

Describe the tubular gland: eccrine gland vs apocrine gland

A

eccrine - simple coiled tubular gland

apocrine - coiled tubular with wide lumen

96
Q

Describe mode of secretion: eccrine gland vs apocrine gland

A

both are merocrine secretion

apocrine secretion through hair follicle canal

97
Q

Describe secretion: eccrine gland vs apocrine gland

A

eccrine gland - excretes wastes/excess salts

apocrine gland - viscous, protein rich sweat

98
Q

Why does apocrine gland cause body odor?

A

because of bacterial breakdown of sweat.

without bacterial breakdown of sweat = apocrine gland secretion is odorless

99
Q

Eccrine sweat gland: describe secretory portion

A

double layer epithelial cells

layer/lighter staining than cells in duct

located in deep dermis (mostly) but also in upper hypodermis

100
Q

Eccrine sweat glands: describe duct portion

A

narrower outside diameter and lumen than secretory portion

double layer of small cuboidal cells

ducts smaller/darker than secretory cells

101
Q

Apocrine sweat glands: describe secretory portion

A

wide lumen (wider than eccrine glands)

simple cuboidal epithelium

eosinophilic cytoplasm

upper part of hypodermis (mostly) but also deep in dermis

102
Q

Apocrine sweat glands: describe duct portion

A

stratified cuboidal epithelium (2-3 layers)

narrower lumen, similar to eccrine glands

103
Q

where do the duct portions of eccrine and apocrine secrete?

A

eccrine - secretes onto epoidermal surface

apocrine - secretes into follicle canal of hair follicle

104
Q

When is the onset of function? eccrine vs apocrine glands

A

eccrine - soon after birth

apocrine - puberty

105
Q

Where are sebacious (oil) glands found?

A

found everywhere except thick skin

106
Q

Why are sebacious (oil) glands not found in thick skin?

A

because sebacious (oil) glands are associated with hair follicles

and hair follicles are not found on thick skin

107
Q

What is sebum?

A

lipid-containing substance that is produced/secreted by sebacious oil galnds

108
Q

Sebacious (oil) glands produce and secrete ____

A

Sebum

109
Q

What mode of secretion do sebacious glands use?

A

Holocrine (apoptosis type)

110
Q

Sebacious glands are involved in ___ development. Therefore there is an increase activity during ___

A

acne

puberty

111
Q

Nails are what type of epithelium?

A

keratinized

112
Q

Epithelium of nails is continuous with ________

A

stratum basale and stratum spinosum of epidermis

113
Q

Are nails easy to stain histologically?

A

no. difficult to distinguish between other structures.

IKK - Anatomy Exam 3 (11 decks)

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