Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IKK - Anatomy Exam 3 > Histo - Blood and Hematopoesis > Flashcards

Histo - Blood and Hematopoesis Flashcards

1
Q

Is blood a connective tissue?

A

yes.

It’s cells = blood cells
it’s ECM = plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the blood volume for an average male/female?

What % body weight is that?

A

male: 5-6L (1.5 gallons)
female: 4-5L (1.2 gallons)

8% of total body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What provides a transportation system for the blood to circulate the body?

A

heart and blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In terms of transportation, the heart is a ____

A

double pump for blood circulation transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In terms of transportation, the blood vessels are ____

A

distribution pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many miles of distribution pathways are blood vessels?

A

60,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 functions of blood?

A
  1. distribution
  2. regulation
  3. protection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe blood’s role in distribution.

in detail

A

Deliver of O2 from lungs to body cells

Delivery of nutrients from GI to body cells

Transports wastes from body cells to kidneys

Transports CO2 from body cells to lungs

Transports hormones from endocrine glands to target organs

Transports other regulatory proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe blood’s role in regulation

A

Thermoregulation
Maintains proportion of blood tissue
Coagulation
Homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe blood’s role in protection

A

transportation of immune cells (to protect against pathogenic cells, foreign objects, transformed cells)

Prevents blood loss through coagulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Blood is composed of what 2 things?

A

formed elements and plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 2 formed elements of blood?

A
  1. cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes)

2. cell fragments (thrombocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Are erythrocytes (RBC) considered “true” cells?

A

Because when they are fully mature, they have no nucleus and most of their organelles are missing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Are thrombocytes (platelets) considered “true” cells?

A

No. These are cell fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Are leukocytes (WBC) considered “true” cells?

A

Yes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the general shape of WBC, RBC and platelets

A

WBC: irregular surface

RBC: smooth surface

Platelets: odd shape, very small fragments of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the plasma of blood

A

extracellular matrix of blood

water-based

protein-rich fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In centrifigued blood, density separates it into 3 categories. What are they according to density?

A

least dense = plasma
then buffy coat
most dense = erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe plasma’s physical appearance in a centrifuge

A

clear, transparent, and least dense because contains mostly water

(and water soluble proteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe buffy coat’s physical appearance in a centrifuge

A

Buffy coat is white-gray in apperance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do we find in the buffy coat layer if blood?

A

white blood cells and platelets

white blood cells (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the relative abundancy of the major white blood cells?

A

most abundant: neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
least abundant: eosinophils and basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the erythrocyte layer physical appearance in centrifuge

A

Dark red in actual sample, most dense, RBC layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the hematocrit?

How is it measured?

A

Volume of packed RBCs in sample of blood

Measured by centrifuging blood sample and calculating percent of tube volume occupied by rbc as compared to the rest of the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the general % breakdown of blood of RBC volume, plasma volume, buffy coat volume?

A

RBC= 45%
Plasma= 55%
Buffy coat= 1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the average hematocrit for men/women?

A

men hematocrit = 39-50%

women hematocrit = 35-45%

27
Q

What percent of plasma is water?

A

over 90%

solvent for variety of solutes

solutes help maintain homeostasis (providing optical pH and osmolarity)

28
Q

What percent of plasma is proteins?

A

less than 10%

29
Q

What are the 3 main proteins found in plasma?

A

albumin, globulin and fibrinogen

30
Q

What percent of plasma is “other solutes” and what does that consist of?

A

1% of plasma is “other solutes”

= electrolytes, non-protein nitrogen substances (waste materials), nutrients, blood gases, regulatory substances

31
Q

Albumin makes up ____% of plasma proteins

A

50%

32
Q

Where is albumin made?

A

liver

33
Q

What is albumin’s primary function?

A

to exert a concentration gradient and help maintain the osmotic pressure of blood

also acts as carrier protein for substances like hormones, metabolites and drugs

34
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

osmotic pressure = ratio of solute in solvent

35
Q

Which plasma protein makes up 1/2 of plasma proteins?

A

albumin

36
Q

Which plasma protein helps maintain osmotic pressure and serves as a carrier protein?

A

both albumin and globulins (non-immuno globulins, alpha and beta globulins)

37
Q

What are the two types of globulin plasma proteins?

A

immunoglobulin (gamma globulin)

non-immunoglobulin (alpha and beta globulin)

38
Q

What are immunoglobulins secreted by?

A

immonuglobulins (gamma globulin)

secreted by plasma cells

39
Q

What are non-immunoglobulins produced by?

A

non-immunoglobulins (alpha and beta globulins)

produced by liover

40
Q

What do non-immunoglobulins do?

A

non-immunoglobulins (alpha and beta globulins)

help maintain osmotic pressure and serve as carrier proteins

41
Q

Where is fibrinogen made?

A

liver

42
Q

Is fibrinogen soluble or insoluble?

A

soluble (plasma protein)

fibrin is insoluble

43
Q

Describe how fibrinogen is transformed into fibrin?0

A

soluble fibrinogen undergies cascade of reactions and transformed into insoluble fibrin (helps form blood clots)

44
Q

Describe the process of making a blood smear

A

A drop of blood is placed directly on a slide, spread thinly over the surface with the edge of another slide

45
Q

The goal of a blood smear is to have a ____ of cells on one slide

Where will the highest concentration of blood cells be?

A

monolayer of cells

highest concentration of blood cells will be at the start of the slide

46
Q

What kind of stain is used on a blood smear?

A

Blood smear is air dried and stained with WRIGHT STAIN

mix of methylene blue (basic), azures (basic) and eosin (acidic)

47
Q

What is wright stain composed of? What is it used for?

A

wright stain is a mix of methylene blue (basic), azures (basic) and eosin (acidic)

it is used for blood smear stains

48
Q

When erythrocytes are mature, describe their physical shape

A

a-nucleate cells devoid of organelles

biconcave discs with diameter of 7.8um, thickness of 2.6um and thickness in center of 0.8um

49
Q

What do erythrocytes bind? How much of it?

A

Erythrocytes bind 99% of oxygen to deliver to tissues

Erythrycotes bind 30% of CO2 to remove from the tissues, the rest is dissolved in the blood, no carrier molecule mechanism

50
Q

Why are erythrocytes described as a histological ruler?

A

Because their shape and size are relatively constant in fixed tissue

51
Q

Which cell type in blood is described as a histological ruler? Why?

A

erythrocytes

because their shape and size are relatively constant in fixed tissue

52
Q

What is erythropoiesis? Where does it take place?

A

erythrocyte (RBC) production

occurs in red blood marrow

53
Q

What is the life span of erythrocytes?

A

120 days (~4 months)

54
Q

What is the rate of release for erythrocytes?

A

~2 million per second

55
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

a specialized protein involved in binding, transporting, releasing oxygen and carbon dioxide

56
Q

What is the general structure of hemoglobin?

A

4 polypeptide chains of globin (alpha, beta, lamda, gamma)

these chains contain heme group with iron at the center

57
Q

Why is iron important in hemoglobin?

A

iron is at the center of each heme group.

there are 4 heme groups in hemoglobin (1 per polypeptide chain of globin)

each iron binds one O2 molecule

therefore, hemoglobin binds 4 O2 molecules

58
Q

How many O2 molecules does hemoglobin bind? How?

A

Hemoglobin proteins bind 4 O2 molecules

the iron in the center of the heme group in each polypeptide chain of globin binds 1 O2 molecule.

there are 4 polypeptide chains of globin, aka 4 heme groups, aka 4 irons, aka binds 4 O2 molecules

59
Q

What is the most common type of hemoglobin?

A

has 2 alpha and 2 beta chains

60
Q

If oxygen diffuses into the blood stream from lungs and transported on its own, why do we use hemoglobin?

A

to control where oxygen goes, because o2 is not that soluble in blood, and because HEMOGLOBIN INCREASES THE CARRYING CAPACITY OF BLOOD 70FOLD

61
Q

How many hemoglobin molecules per RBC?

A

250 million

62
Q

How many O2 molecules can bind to 1 RBC?

A

250 hemoglobin per RBC

4 O2 molecules per hemoglobin

= 1 billion O2 molecules per RBC

63
Q

How many RBCs are in the human body?

A

25 trillion

64
Q

Where does CO2 bind compared to O2 in hemoglobin?

A

O2 binds to the iron

CO2 binds to the globulin

IKK - Anatomy Exam 3 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions