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Hydrogeology > Groundwater Quality and Contaminants and Groundwater Investigation > Flashcards

Groundwater Quality and Contaminants and Groundwater Investigation Flashcards

1
Q

Water quality is determined by the

A

dissolved solutes and gases
suspended matter

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2
Q

Water quality is a consequence of the

A

natural physical and chemical state
alterations owing to human activities

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3
Q

what does TDS mean?

A

Total dissolved solids

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4
Q

what does TSS mean?

A

Total suspended solids

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5
Q

difference between TDS and TSS

A

TDS cannot be seen by the naked eye

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6
Q

is the total amount of
solids, in milligrams per liter, that remain when a water sample is evaporated to dryness

A

Total Dissolved Solids

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7
Q

unit for TDS

A

mg/L

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8
Q

1000 mg/L in ppm

A

1000 ppm

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9
Q

Classification of water based on TDS

A

Fresh = 0-1,000
Brackish = 1,000-10,000
Saline = 10,000-100,000
Brine = >100,000

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10
Q

it is the most important water quality parameter

A

TDS

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11
Q

t or f: dissolved gases are present in both surface and groundwater

A

t

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12
Q

most common dissolved gases in waters

A

Oxygen (O)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Nitrogen (N)
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
Methane (CH4)

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13
Q

occurs when the environment becomes enriched with nutrients, increasing the amount of plant and algae growth to estuaries and coastal waters

A

Eutrophication

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14
Q

common foreign substances during eutrophication

A

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium

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15
Q

brown water

A

sewage

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16
Q

black water

A

septage

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17
Q

degradation of water quality
due to human influences

A

anthropogenic effects

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18
Q

Groundwater contamination is
commonly marked by a ______

A

plume

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19
Q

A concentrated form of liquid contaminants

A

contamination plume

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20
Q

release pollutants from discrete conveyances.

A

Point sources

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21
Q

a combination of
pollutants from a large area
rather than from specific
identifiable sources

A

Nonpoint sources

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22
Q

Effects of Pumping

A
  • Accelerates ground water flow to well
  • Captures contamination within cone of depression
  • May reverse ground water flow
  • Can draw contamination up hill
  • Will cause saltwater intrusion
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23
Q

t or f: freshwater is denser than saltwater

A

F

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24
Q

basis for future monitoring of waters

A

baseline data

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25
Q

Effects of water pollution

A

-Devastating to people and animals, fish, and birds.

-Unsuitable for drinking, recreation, agriculture, and industry.

-Destroys water life.

26
Q

Challenges

A
27
Q

Purpose

A
28
Q

the act of collecting a portion of material for analytical purposes that accurately represents the material being sampled with respect to stated objectives

A

sampling

29
Q

Pre sampling preparation

A

-alertness to representativeness
- plan to collect quality-control samples
- checklist of equipment
- review important information
- establish sample sites
-equipment calibration
-sampling information label
- selection of equipment and other apparatus

30
Q

what important information are to be reviewed during pre-sampling preparation?

A

-maps, schedule, specific water quality parameters
- verify classification and water quality standards (DAO 34, DAO 35)

31
Q

what are needed in establishing sampling locations?

A

-background information
- discharge water quality
- downstream impacts

32
Q

a base/site map should depict:

A

-project
-sampling locations
-major water, land and road characteristics

33
Q

equipment in sampling can include __, _______, _____, and _____

A

glass, plastic, ceramics, and metals

34
Q

what gloves should be used?

A

disposable glove (powderless nitrile gloves)

35
Q

Sampling information label

A

Parameters ___________________
Sample Site ___________________
Place ________________________
Source _______________________
Date of Sampling _______________
Time of Sampling ______________
Field condition _________________
Sampled by ___________________

36
Q

No. of monthly samples for <5000 population

A

1

37
Q

No. of monthly samples for 5000-100000 population

A

1 per 5000 population

38
Q

No. of monthly samples for >100000

A

1 per 10,000 population, plus 10 additional samples

39
Q

Equipment can include

A

glass, plastics, ceramics, and metals

40
Q

gloves to use

A

powderless nitrile gloves

41
Q

equipment for turbidity

A

turbidimeter

42
Q

equipment for pH and temp

A

pH meter and thermometer

43
Q

equipment for water sampling

A

rod and cup

44
Q

rain measurement equipment

A

rain gauge

45
Q

sample size and holding time for BOD

A

1000 mL ; 6 hrs

46
Q

sample size and holding time for COD

A

100 mL ; 7 days

47
Q

sample size and holding time for color

A

500 mL ; 48 hrs

48
Q

sample size and holding time for oil and grease

A

1000 mL ; 28 days

49
Q

preservation for BOD

A

Refrigerate, storage at 4 degree Celsius

50
Q

preservation for COD

A

Analyze immediately; or
refrigerate and add
H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) to pH<2

51
Q

preservation for color

A

Refrigerate, storage
at 4 degree Celsius

52
Q

preservation for oil and grease

A

Add HCl or H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) to pH<2; refrigerate

53
Q

significant wastewater parameters

A

pH
Color
Total suspended solids
Oil and grease
Turbidity
COD - chemical oxygen demand
BOD - biological oxygen demand
DO - dissolved oxygen
Temperature

54
Q

what to consider when selecting sampling site?

A

-study objectives
- types of data needed
- equipment needs
- sampling methods
- historical information
-physical characteristics of area
- chemical and biological characteristics of the area (aquatic and terrestrial)

55
Q

physical characteristics of area to be considered when selecting sampling site

A

-size and shape
-land use
- tributary and runoff characteristics
- geology
- point and nonpoint sources of contamination
- hydraulic conditions
-climate
- water depth
- fluvial-sediment transport characteristics

56
Q

flowing water sites

A
  • at or near stream-gauging stations
  • straight reaches with uniform flow and uniform and stable bottom contour where constituents are well mixed along cross-section
  • far enough above or below confluence of streamflow or point sources of contamination to avoid sampling cross section
  • upstream reaches from bridges and other structures to avoid contamination
  • unidirectional flow that does not include eddied
  • at or near a transect reaches where data are collected and historical data are avilable
57
Q

still-water sites

A
  • use in-situ field measurement to determine vertical and spatial distribution of sampling locations
  • avoid areas near structures such as harbor, boat ramps, piers, fuel docks, moored houses etc.
  • select sites with historical data available, if possible
58
Q

examples of still-water

A

lakes, ponds, reservoirs, marshes, swamps, backwaters

59
Q

groundwater sample sites

A

-water supply wells
- observation wells
- monitoring wells

60
Q

wells or piezometers for purpose of collecting hydrologic data

A

observation wells

61
Q

installed specifically for assessment of physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the aquifer

A

monitoring wells

Hydrogeology (13 decks)

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