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A-Level Chemistry > Group 2 and Halogens > Flashcards

Group 2 and Halogens Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens to reactivity down group 2?

A

It increases

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2
Q

Why does group 2 reactivity increase down the group?

A

Size of metal atom increases
Shielding increases
Outer electrons require less energy to remove
Since nuclear attraction decreases

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3
Q

What happens to alkalinity down group 2?

A

Increases

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4
Q

Why does group 2 alkalinity increase down the group?

A

Metal hydroxides are more soluble

So put more OH- into solution

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5
Q

What do metal hydroxides react with water to form?

A

White precipitate

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6
Q

What are group 2 compounds used for?

A

Indigestion
Agriculture
Medicine

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7
Q

What group 2 compound is used to treat indigestion?

A

Gaviscon - CaCO3

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8
Q

Why are group 2 compounds used in agriculture?

A

To treat acidic soil with alkaline

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9
Q

What group 2 compound is used to treat acidic soil?

A

Ca(OH)2 (known as lime)

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10
Q

Why are group 2 compounds used in medicine?

A

Insoluble so shows up in X-rays

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11
Q

What group 2 compound is used in medicine?

A

Barium (barium meal)

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12
Q

Metal + water?

A

Metal hydroxide + hydrogen

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13
Q

Metal + acid?

A

Metal salt + hydrogen

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14
Q

Metal + oxygen?

A

Metal oxide

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15
Q

Metal carbonate + acid?

A

Metal salt + water + carbon dioxide

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16
Q

Metal oxide + water?

A

Metal hydroxide

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17
Q

What is the appearance of F as a RT?

A

Pale yellow gas

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18
Q

What is the appearance of Cl as a RT?

A

Green gas

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19
Q

What is the appearance of Br as a RT?

A

Red-brown liquid

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20
Q

What is the appearance of I as a RT?

A

Grey solid

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21
Q

What is the appearance of F vapour?

A

Colourless

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22
Q

What is the appearance of Cl vapour?

A

Colourless

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23
Q

What is the appearance of Br vapour?

A

Orange vapour

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24
Q

What is the appearance of I vapour?

A

Purple vapour

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25
Which is the most reactive halogen?
F
26
What happens to melting/boiling point down group 7?
Increases
27
Why does the melting/boiling point increase down group 7?
Halogen molecule size increases down the group Greater London forces between molecules So more energy needed to separate molecules
28
What happens to electronegativity down group 7?
Decreases
29
Why does electronegativity decrease down group 7?
Atomic radius increases Shielding increases Nuclear attraction reduced
30
Describe astatine
Radioactive Strong oxidising agent State at RT = solid Electronegativity = lowest
31
What happens to reactivity down group 7?
Decreases
32
Why does reactivity decrease down group 7?
Atomic radius increases Shielding increases Nuclear attraction decreases Gaining electrons = harder
33
Are halogens strong oxidising agents?
YES
34
Are the halogens the most reactive non-metals?
YES
35
What is cyclohexane (organic solvent) used for?
To distinguish between Br2 and I2
36
What are the three anion (negative ion) tests?
Carbonate Sulfate Halide
37
How do you test for carbonate ions?
Add dilute nitric acid to solid or solution | Bubble any gas made into limewater
38
What is the positive test for a carbonate test?
Cloudy
39
How do you test for sulfate ions?
Add dilute HCl | Add barium chloride/nitrate solution
40
What is the positive test for a sulfate test?
White precipitate
41
How do you test for halide ions?
Add dilute nitric acid | Add aqueous silver nitrate
42
What is the positive tests for a halide test?
``` Cl*- = white Br*- = cream I*- = yellow ```
43
What is the ionic equations for halide test?
Ag*+ (aq) + Cl*-(aq) -----> AgCl(s) | REPEAT FOR OTHER HALIDES
44
How do you further test for halide ions?
Add aqueous ammonia
45
What is the positive tests from the further halide tests?
``` Cl*- = soluble so precipitate redissolves Br*- = soluble so precipitate redissolves I*- = insoluble ```
46
What is the sequence for anion test?
Carbonate Sulfate Halide
47
Why is carbonate test done first?
As sulphates and halides don't produce a gas with acid
48
Why is sulfate test done second?
To remove carbonates since barium carbonate can also produce a white precipitate
49
Why is halide test done last (third)?
To remove carbonate and sulfate as both insoluble in water
50
What is the test for cations (positive ions)?
Ammonium ions test
51
How do you test for ammonium ions?
Add aqueous NaOH Gently warm Hold warm litmus pH paper above
52
What is the positive test for ammonium ions?
Litmus pH paper turns blue
53
What does it mean that halogens act as oxidising agents?
Oxidises halide ion Gains electrons Reduced to form halide ion
54
What happens to oxidising ability down group 7?
Decreases
55
What is chlorine used to do?
Purify water
56
What are the risks associated with chlorine?
It's toxic to humans so risks associated with gas leaks
57
What the formula for chloric (I) acid?
HOCl
58
What is the formula for bleach?
NaOCl Sodium chlorate
59
What is the equation for the production of chloric (I) acid?
Cl2 + H2O ----> HCl + HOCl
60
What is the equation for the production of bleach?
Cl2 + NaOH ----> NaCl + NaOCl + H2O
61
What are the ionic equations for the reactions?
2Br*- (aq) + Cl2 (aq) ----> 2Cl*- (aq) + 2Br2 (aq)
62
What colour is Cl2 water?
Colourless
63
What colour is Br2 water?
Yellow
64
What colour is I2 solution?
Orange/brown
65
What colour is Br2 in cyclohexane?
Orange
66
What colour is I2 in cyclohexane?
Purple/violet
67
Describe the colour changes in Cl2 water?
Cl2 - NO REACTION Br2 - colourless ----> yellow Cl2 became KCl so water became yellow I2 - colourless ----> orange/brown ^^^^^
68
Why does Cl2 have the strongest oxidising strength?
Has smallest atomic radius Less shielding So greater attraction for electron
69
What happens when Cl displaces KX?
Cl2 oxidises the X and reduces its self
70
Describe the colour changes in BR2 water?
Cl2 - colourless ----> yellow Br2 can't displace Cl2 so NO REACTION and Br2 stays Br2 water Br2 - NO REACTION I2 - colourless ----> orange/brown Br2 can displace KI so I2 becomes I2 solution
71
Describe the colour changes in I2 solution?
Cl2 - colourless ----> orange/brown can't displace so NO REACTION Br2 - colourless ----> orange/brown ^^^^^ I2 - NO REACTION
72
In which reactions does displacement occur? | HINT: 3
Cl2 water with Br2 and I2 | Br2 water with I2

A-Level Chemistry (26 decks)

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