Transition Metals Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
What are the properties of “d-block” elements?
A
High melting + boiling point
Conduct electricity + heat
2
Q
What are coins made out of?
A
Cu
Ag
Zn
Ni
3
Q
What is used for construction?
A
Fe
4
Q
What is used for electrical cables?
A
Cu
5
Q
What is used for aerospace + medical equipment?
A
Titanium
6
Q
Why is titanium used for aerospace + medical equipment?
A
Very strong
7
Q
What is a transition element?
A
A d-block element that forms at least one ion with an incomplete d sub-shell
8
Q
What are the properties of transition metals?
A
Form coloured compounds
Elements + compounds act as catalysts
Form compounds where transition elements can have different oxidation states
9
Q
Which two d-block elements aren’t transition elements?
A
Zn
Sc
10
Q
When does a complex ion form?
A
When a ligand forms bonds with a central transition metal ion
11
Q
What are examples of monodentate ligands?
A
H2O NH3 OH- CN- Cl-
12
Q
What is a ligand?
A
A molecule of an ion that can donate a pair of electrons with the transition metal ion, to form a coordinate bond
13
Q
What are example of neutral monodentate ligands?
A
H2O
NH3
14
Q
Describe [Cu(H2O)6]2+
A
Cu2+ = central ion Ligands = H2O molecules Coordination number = 6 6 coordinate bonds 2+ = H2O neutral
15
Q
How do you name a complex ion?
A
Metal ion + oxidation state = last
Ligand name/number = first
Prefixes = di, tri, tetra, etc
Alphabetical = ligands
16
Q
What does it mean if the ion is an anion?
A
Negative overall charge = suffix = ate
17
Q
What is the name of [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]+ ?
A
Tetra aqua di chloro chromium (III) ion
18
Q
What is the name of [Co(H2O)5Cl]+ ?
A
Penta aqua mono chloro cobalt (II) ion
19
Q
What is the name of [Fe(CN)6]4- ?
A
Hexa cyano ferrate (II) ion
20
Q
What is the anion name for Cu?
A
Cuprate
21
Q
What is the anion name for Fe?
A
Ferrate
22
Q
What is the anion name for vanadium?
A
Vanadate
23
Q
What is the anion name for Cr?
A
Chromate
24
Q
What is the anion name for Al?
A
Aluminate
25
What is the anion name for Co?
Cobaltate
26
What is the anion name for Zn?
Zincate
27
What is a heterogenous catalyst?
Different physical state
| Surface for reaction
28
What is a homozygous catalyst?
Same physical state
| Forms intermediate
29
What are the soluble metal hydroxides?
NaOH (aq)
KOH (aq)
NH4OH (aq)
30
What are most metal hydroxides?
Insoluble
31
What does Al3+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ all form?
White precipitates
32
What is the colour of Cu2+ solution?
Blue
33
What is the colour of Fe3+ solution?
Pale yellow
34
What is the colour of Fe2+ solution?
Pale green
35
What is the colour of Mn2+ solution?
Pale pink
36
What is the colour of Cr3+ solution?
Violet
37
What is observed when Cu2+ solution is added to NaOH?
Pale blue ppt
| Insoluble in excess
38
What is observed when Fe3+ solution is added to NaOH?
Orange/brown ppt
| Insoluble in excess
39
What is observed when Fe2+ solution is added to NaOH?
Dark green ppt
Surface layer turns brown when exposed to air
Insoluble in excess
40
What is observed when Mn2+ solution is added to NaOH?
Off-white precipitate
Turns brown in contact with air
Insoluble in excess
41
What is observed when Cr3+ solution is added to NaOH?
Grey-green ppt
| Soluble in excess
42
What colour does it go when Cr3+ is soluble in excess NaOH?
Green solution
43
What is the equation for Cu2+ + NaOH?
Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) ----> Cu(OH)2 (s)
44
What is the equation for Fe3+ + NaOH?
Fe3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq) ----> Fe(OH)3 (s)
45
What is the equation for Fe2+ + NaOH?
Fe2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) ----> Fe(OH)2 (s)
46
What is the equation for Mn2+ + NaOH?
Mn2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) ----> Mn(OH)2 (s)
47
What is the equation for Cr3+ + NaOH?
Cr3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq) ----> Cr(OH)3 (s)
48
What is the equation for Cr3+ + NaOH in excess?
Cr(OH)3 (s) + 3OH-(aq) ----> [Cr(OH)6]3-
49
Why does Fe2+ surface layer turn brown when exposed to air?
Oxidised to Fe3+
50
What is structural isomerism?
Molecules with same molecular formula but different structural formula
51
What is a geometric isomer?
Molecules with same structural + molecular formula but different spatial arrangement of atoms
52
What is an E isomer?
Trans isomer
53
What is a Z isomer?
Cis isomer
54
What is the spatial arrangement in a E (trans) isomer?
Either side
| ACROSS
55
What is the spatial arrangement in a Z (cis) isomer?
Same side
| TOGETHER
56
What does stereoisomerism depend on?
Type of ligands
| No. of ligands
57
What do often 4 + 6 co-ordinate complex ions have?
2 different monodentate ligands
| = cis-trans isomer
58
What do some 6 co-ordinate complex ions have?
Monodentate + bidentate ligands
| = cis-trans + optical isomers
59
What is the most common shape for a 4 co-ordinate complex?
Tetrahedral
60
What is an example of a 4 co-ordinate complex with a tetrahedral shape?
[CuCl4]2-
| [CoCl4]2-
61
What shape do some 4 co-ordinate complexes form?
Square planar
62
What is an example of a square planar 4 co-ordinate complex?
[Ni(NH3)2Cl2]
63
When does square planar complexes form?
With 8 d-electrons in the d sub-shell
64
Which transition elements can form square planar 4 co-ordinate complexes?
Pt(II)
Pd(II)
Au(III)
Ni(II)
65
What can you see on a square planar 4 co-ordinate complex?
Cis-trans isomerism
66
What does the square planar 4 co-ordinate complex have to look like for cis isomerism?
Cl to be on the same side
| Next to each other
67
What does the square planar 4 co-ordinate complex have to look like for trans isomerism?
Cl opposite each other
68
What does cis-platin treat?
Cancer
69
What is cis-plantin's formula?
[Pt(NH3)2Cl2]
| Square planar
70
What does cis-platin do?
Binds across DNA strand
Causes critical structure change
Stops cell replication
Leads to apoptosis
71
What is a chiral centre?
A carbon with four different groups attached
72
How do you identify a chiral centre?
Little star
73
What do must amino acids have?
Chiral centre
74
What are many drugs?
Optically active
75
What does it mean drugs have enantiomers?
Often one can beneficial but other be harmful
76
What was thalidomide given for?
Reduce effects of morning sickness
77
What did thalidomide lead to?
Many babies born with disabilities and early deaths
78
What is thalidomide used for now?
To treat HIV + leprosy
| BUT just do pregnancy test first
79
What is an example of a 6 co-ordinate complex?
Co3+
80
What must it look like for a 6 co-ordinate complex to be cis?
Cl next to each other
| Shoulder to shoulder
81
What must it look like for a 6 co-ordinate complex to be trans?
Cl opposite each other
82
What does bidentate mean?
"two tooth" ligand
| 2 lone pairs
83
What is an example of a bidentate ligand?
ethane - 1,2 - diamine
84
How do you know if a molecule is an optical isomer?
Can't superimpose it
85
What is an example of a cis-trans bidentate ligand?
Ethanedioate ligand
| C2O4 2-
86
What must it look like for a bidentate ligand to be cis?
Next to each other
| Shoulder to shoulder
87
What must it look like for a bidentate ligand to be trans?
Opposite each other
88
What will trans mirror image be and what does this mean?
Identical
= superimposable
=NOT isomers
89
What will cis mirror image be and what does this mean?
NOT identical
= NOT superimposable
= optical isomer
90
What are hexadentate ligands?
6 lone pairs = each form coordinate bond
| 1 EDTA ion reacts with 1 metal ion
91
What is ligand substitution?
Addition of another ligand to a solution, containing the aqua transition metal ions = substitution reaction
92
What happens in a ligand substitution reaction?
One or more ligands exchange
Observe colour change
Sometimes complex ion changes shape
93
Why does a colour change happen in ligand substitution?
Gap between d orbital changes
= different wavelength of light absorbed
= different wavelength reflected
94
What is observed when NH3 is added dropwise to [Cu(H2O)6]2+?
Pale blue ppt
95
What is observed when NH3 is added in excess to [Cu(H2O)6]2+?
Ppt redissolves = deep blue solution
96
What is observed when NH3 is added dropwise to [Cr(H2O)6]3+?
Green-grey ppt
97
What is observed when NH3 is added in excess to [Cr(H2O)6]3+?
Ppt redissolves = purple solution
98
What is observed when concentrated HCl is added dropwise to [Cu(H2O)6]2+?
Green solution - mix of yellow + blue
| BUT if add more = yellow
99
What is the colour of [Cu(H2O)6]2+ solution?
Pale blue
100
What is the colour of [Cr(H2O)6]3+ solution?
Violet
101
What is the equation when Cu2+ + NaOH?
[Cu(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 2OH-(aq) ----> [Cu(H2O)4(OH)2] (s) + 2H2O (l)
102
What is the equation when Cu2+ + NH3 dropwise?
[Cu(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 2NH3(aq) ----> [Cu(H2O)4(OH)2] (s) + 2NH4+ (aq)
103
What is the equation when Cu2+ + NH3 excess?
[Cu(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 4NH3(aq) ----> [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ (aq) + 4H2O(l)
104
What is the equation when Cu2+ + conc HCl?
[Cu(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 4Cl- (aq) ⇌ [CuCl4]2- (aq) + 6H2O (l)
105
What is the equation when Cr3+ + NH3 excess?
[Cr(H2O)6]3+ (aq) + 6NH3 (aq) ----> [Cr(NH3)6]3+ (aq) + 6H2O (l)
106
What is the equation Co2+ + conc HCl?
[Co(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 4Cl- ⇌ [Cocl4]2- (aq) + 6H2O (l)
107
What colour is [Co(H2O)6]2+?
Pink
108
[Cocl4]2-
Blue
109
What is the colour of Ti3+?
Pink
110
What is the colour of V2+?
Pink
111
What is the colour of V3+?
Green
112
What is the colour of V4+?
Blue
113
What is the colour of V5+?
Yellow
114
What is the colour of Cr2+?
Blue
115
What is the colour of Cr3+?
Green
116
What is the colour of Cr6+?
Orange
117
What is the colour of Mn2+?
Pink
118
What is the colour of Mn4+?
Red
119
What is the colour of Mn6+?
Green
120
What is the colour of Mn7+?
Purple
121
What is the colour of Fe2+?
Pale green
122
What is the colour of Fe3+?
Yellow/orange
123
What is the colour of Co2+?
Dark pink
124
What is the colour of Co3+?
Green
125
What is the colour of Ni2+?
Green
126
What is the colour of Cu2+?
Blue
127
If you don't know the colour, what is it?
White
128
What is H2O ligand called?
Aqua
129
What is NH3 ligand called?
Ammine
130
What is OH- ligand called?
Hydroxo
131
What is Cl- ligand called?
Chloro
132
What is CN- ligand called?
Cyano
133
What is NO2- ligand called?
Nitro
134
What is CO ligand called?
Carbonyl
135
What is EDTA ligand called?
edta
136
What compounds form a dative covalent bond with haemoglobin?
H2O
CO2
CO
O2
137
Why is CO is bad to breath in?
When it attaches to a haem group it is irreversible
138
What does a stability constant tell you?
How likely the formation of an ion is
139
What does a greater stability ion value tell you?
The more stable the complex ion is
140
What is Kstab?
The equilibrium constant for an equilibrium existing between aqueous transition ions and complex ions in a substitution reaction
141
How do you set out a Kstab equation?
Exactly the same as Kc
142
What does Kstab not include?
H2O
143
Why does Kstab not include H2O?
The conc of H2O is left out since it is in great excess + conc is almost constant
