Group 5

Question 1

define working memory

Answer 1

temporary storage system that allows us to hold and manipulate information for cognitive tasks like reasoning, leaning, and comprehension

Question 2

4 components of Working Memory Model (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974)

(CPVE)

Answer 2

• central executive
• phonological loop
• visuo-spatial sketchpad
• episodic buffer

Question 3

define central executive

Answer 3

• control center of working memory that directs attention, coordinate tasks, and allocates resources to other components
• it has limited capacity and does not store the information itself

Question 4

define phonological loops

Answer 4

responsible for processing the auditory and verbal information

Question 5

2 subcomponents of phonological loops (PA)

Answer 5

• phonological store
• articulatory rehearsal process

Question 6

phonological store vs articulatory rehearsal process

Answer 6

phonological store
- holds auditory information

articulation rehearsal process
- refreshes stored information through subvocal repetition

Question 7

2 key effects of phonological loop:

Answer 7

• phonological similarity effect
• word-length effect

Question 8

phonological similarity effect vs word-length effect

Answer 8

phonological similarity effect
- memory is worse for words that sound alike

word-length effect
- memory is worse for long words rather than short words

Question 9

define visuo-spatial sketchpad

Answer 9

stores visual and spatial information

Question 10

2 components of visuo-spatial sketchpad

Answer 10

• visual cache
• inner scribe

Question 11

visual cache vs inner scribe (VI)

Answer 11

visual cache
- stores form and color

inner scribe
- processes spatial and movement information; assists in rehearsal

Question 12

define episodic buffer

Answer 12

integrates information from the phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad and the long term memory

Question 13

define working memory capacity

Answer 13

refers to how much information can an individual process and store simultaneously

Question 14

assessments to test working memory capacity

Answer 14

• reading span task
• operation span task

Question 15

reading span task vs operation span task

Answer 15

reading span task
- recall the last word of multiple sentences

operation span task
- solve math problems while remembering words

Question 16

key findings about working memory capacity

Answer 16

• high working memory capacity is linked to higher intelligence
• stress and anxiety reduce working memory capacity

Question 17

neural basis of working memory

Answer 17

• prefrontal cortex
• parietal cortex
• left hemisphere
• frontal lobes

Question 18

critical for central executive functions

Answer 18

prefrontal cortex

Question 19

processes phonological information

Answer 19

left hemisphere

Question 20

involved in visuo-spatial sketchpad tasks

Answer 20

parietal cortex

Question 21

brain damage to the ____ can lead to dysexecutive syndrome which causes issues in planning, problem solving, and multitasking

Answer 21

frontal lobes

Question 22

define storage

Answer 22

creation of a permanent record of information

Question 23

3 stages of storage (SSL)

Answer 23

• sensory store
• short term store
• long term store

Question 24

define sensory store

Answer 24

• initial repository before the information enters short or long term store
• capable of storing information for very brief periods

Question 25

define short term store

Answer 25

- capable of storing information for somewhat longer periods but of relatively limited capacity as well - up to 30 seconds

Question 26

define long term store

Answer 26

capable of storing information for very long periods, perhaps indefinitely

Question 27

2 types of long term memory

Answer 27

- explicit - implicit

Question 28

explicit vs implicit long term memory

Answer 28

explicit memory - conscious remembering, recalling, and reporting of memories - includes semantic and episodic memory implicit memory - not part of our consciousness - includes procedural, priming, and emotional conditioning

Question 29

define visual imagery

Answer 29

- mental representation of objects, scenes, or actions without direct sensory input - used in problem solving and navigation

Question 30

key theories of visual imagery

Answer 30

- perceptual anticipation theory - propositional theory

Question 31

perceptual anticipation theory vs propositional theory

Answer 31

perceptual anticipation theory - imagery = perception - mental images resemble pictures in the brain propositional theory - imagery is not equal to perception - imagery is symbolic and language-like

Question 32

define cognitive maps

Answer 32

internal representation of an external environmental feature or landmark

Question 33

define latent learning

Answer 33

unconscious acquisition and retention of knowledge or skills without demonstrating them until the need arises or a reward/reinforcement is offered type of learning that is not apparent at the time of learning but manifests later when needed

Question 34

define metacognition

Answer 34

ability to think about and control our processes of thought and ways of enhancing our thinking

Question 35

2 dimensions of metacognition

Answer 35

- metacognitive knowledge - metacognitive regulation

Question 36

metacognitive language vs metacognitive regulation

Answer 36

metacognitive language - refers to what learners know about learning metacognitive regulation - refers to what learners do about learning

Question 37

phases of metacognition (PME)

Answer 37

- planning - monitoring - evaluation

Question 38

define planning

Answer 38

thinking about the learning goal and considering how to approach the tasks as well as the strategies to be used

Question 39

define monitoring

Answer 39

implementing the plan and monitor the progress they are making towards their learning goal

Question 40

define evaluation

Answer 40

determining the success of the strategy used in helping achieve their learning goal

Question 41

3 levels of processing

Answer 41

- structural / physical - phonemic - semantic

Question 42

structural / physical vs phonemic

Answer 42

structural / physical - visually apparent features of the letters or their appearance phonemic - sound combinations associated with the letters

Question 43

define semantic

Answer 43

meaning of the word