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Cognitive Psychology > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

define cognitive psychology

A
  • a school of thought concerned in how a person mentally represent and process information
  • a study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and think about information
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2
Q

cognitive psychology is the study of how people _____, _____, _____, and ______ about information (PLRT)

A
  • perceive
  • learn
  • remember
  • think
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3
Q
  • father of cognitive psychology
  • German-American psychologist
A

Ulrich Neisser

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4
Q

book of Ulrich Neisser that defined the paradigm for a generation

A

cognitive psychology (1967)

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5
Q

Neisser characterized people as dynamic _______ whose mental operations might be described in computational terms

A

information-processing systems

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6
Q

cognitive refers to…

A

all processes by which sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used

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7
Q

why is cognitive psychology easily distinguished from other paradigms?

A
  • because it assumes that people are designed to process information unlike other designed assumptions (grow, learn, etc)
  • it acknowledges the existence of internal mental states unlike behaviorist psychology
  • it embraces the use of scientific method
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8
Q

cognitive psychology rejects _____ as a valid method of investigation

A

introspection

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9
Q

what happened on May 11, 1997

A

IBM chess machine beats humanity’s champ, Garry Kasparov

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10
Q

who is humanity’s champ in chess?

A

Garry Kasparov

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11
Q

deep blue is….

A
  • IBM chess machine
  • software that explicitly showed the computational processes underlying intelligent performance
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12
Q

how is the human mind similar to a computer

A

they both process information

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13
Q

similarities of humans and computer

A
  • input information
  • output information
  • analyze information
  • store information
  • retrieve information
  • access information
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14
Q

physical differences of human mind and computer

A
  • humans are carbon-based
  • computers are silicon-based
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15
Q

reproductive differences of human mind and computer

A

only humans can reproduce

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16
Q

differences of human mind and computer when it comes to experience

A

only humans can feel pain and emotions, although computers can stimulate them

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17
Q

differences of human mind and computer when it comes to consciousness

A

only humans are aware of themselves and has free will

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18
Q

philosophical antecedents

A
  • rationalist
  • empiricist
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19
Q

2 philosophical antecedents

A
  • rationalist
  • empiricist
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20
Q

rationalists acquire knowledge through

A

thinking and logical analysis

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21
Q

empiricist acquire knowledge through

A

empirical evidence

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22
Q

known rationalist:

A

rene descartes

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23
Q

known empiricist:

A
  • john locke
  • immanuel kant
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24
Q

2 domains of reality

A
  • immanuel kant
  • noumenal & phenomenal
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25
psychology as a science:
- can be measured mathematically and spatially - can be manipulated experimentally - not too transient to observe / measure
26
psychological antecedents (SFABG)
- structuralism - functionalism - associationism - behaviorism - gestalt psychology
27
define structuralism and give its proponents
- what are the elementary contents (structures) of the mind? - Wilhelm Wundt
28
define functionalism and give its proponents
- how and why does the mind work? - William James
29
define associationism and give its proponents
- how do events and ideas become associated in the mind? - Ebbinghaus & Thorndike
30
define behaviorism and give its proponents
- what is the relation of behavior with the environment? - Pavlov, Skinner, Watson
31
define gestalt psychology and give its proponents
- cognitions should play an active part in society - Wertheimer, Kohler
32
Wilhelm Wundt is the father of?
Psychology
33
what are Edward Lee Thorndike's contributions:
- Trial-and-error learning - Law of effect - Transfer of training
34
history of computing
- charles babbage - alan turing - claud shannon
35
contribution of charles babbage
analytical engine
36
contribution of alan turing
- invented the principles of modern computer - cryptanalyst during the WWII who broke the German code to win the war - created the Turing Test to decide whether computers think
37
contribution of claud shannon
wrote a landmark 1984 paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" which developed Information Theory (or the quantification of information)
38
important founders of cognitive approach
- jean piaget - edward tolman & clark hull
39
contributions of jean piaget
- founder of cognitive development - focuses on children's interaction with their environment
40
contributions of tolman and hull
- both challenged the behaviorist assumptions by examining internal mental processes - (tolman) defined intervening variables as merely cognitions or mental maps - (hull) defined intervening variables as merely physiological or needs
41
founders of cognitive psychology
- carl rogers & donald hebb - herbert simon & allen newell - george miller - jerome bruner - leon festinger
42
both challenged radical behaviorism and psychoanalysis
carl rogers & donald hebb
43
what did rogers emphasize?
importance of internal mental processes and its importance on behavior
44
hebb contributed to the?
rise of cognitive interests with his book "The Organization of Behavior'
45
Herbert Simon & Allen Newell were the founding fathers of several of today's important scientific domains:
- artificial intelligence - information processing - decision-making - problem-solving
46
what did George Miller claim and proposed along with Galanter & Pribram?
- there were constraints in the short term memory - TOTE (test-operate-test-exit)
47
what occurred in Sept 11, 1956
IEE symposium on information at MIT where Noah Chomsky presented his views on language and George Miller presented his research on short term memory and its capacity
48
Acc to Jerome Bruner...
- learning is an active process where learners construct new ideas - cognitive structure provide meaning and organization to experiences
49
according to _____ ideas might be compatible or incompatible with one another
leon festinger
50
he continued to discuss physiology, behavioral phenomena, and cognitive processes
Donald Hebb
51
year _____ is the emergence of the: - development of computers - artificial intelligence - and a cognitive revolution occurred and increased the interest in the study of mental processes
1950s
52
psychobiology founders
- karl spencer lashley - alan turing - augusta ada king
53
pioneered in neuroscience and studied on learning and memory
karl spencer lashley
54
founder of computer science
alan turing
55
- wrote the first computer program - calculated sequence of Bernoulli numbers
augusta ada king
56
research methods:
- controlled experiments - psychobiological research - self-reports - case studies - naturalistic observation - computer simulations and artificial intelligence
57
independent variable:
- the "cause" - being manipulated
58
dependent variable:
- the "effect" - being measured
59
correlational study cannot...
infer causation
60
an individual's own account of cognitive processes
self-reports
61
in-depth studies of individuals
case studies

Cognitive Psychology (6 decks)

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