Groups Week1 MCQ

Question 1

What is a Group?

Answer 1

Two or more people who share a common definition and evaluation of themselves and behave in accordance with such definition

Question 2

Entitativity

Answer 2

The property of a group that makes it seem like a coherent, distinct and unitary entity

Question 3

Gemeinschaft

Answer 3

community

Question 4

Gesellschaft

Answer 4

association

Question 5

Common-bond

Answer 5

groups based upon attachment among members

Question 6

Common-identity

Answer 6

groups based on direct attachment to the group

Question 7

Johnson and Johnson definition of group

Answer 7

A group is two or more individuals in face-to-face interaction, each aware of his or her membership in the group, each aware of the others who belong to the group, and each aware of their positive interdependence as they strive to achieve mutual goals.

Question 8

Social facilitation

Answer 8

An improvement in the performance of well-learner/easy tasks and deterioration in the performance of poorly leaned/difficult tasks in the mere presence of members of the same species

Question 9

Audience effect

Answer 9

impact on individual task performance of the presence of others

Question 10

Drive theory

Answer 10

Zajonc’s theory that physical presence of members of the same species instinctively causes arousal that motivates performance of habitual behaviour patterns.

Question 11

Evaluation apprehension model

Answer 11

The argument that the physical presence of members of the same species causes drive because people have learned to be apprehensive about being evaluated.

Question 12

Distraction-conflict theory

Answer 12

The physical presence of members of the same species causes drive because people are distracting and produce conflict between attending to the task and attending to the audience.

Question 13

Meta-analysis

Answer 13

Statistical procedure that combines data from different studies to measure the overall reliability and strength of the specific effects

Question 14

Task taxonomy

Answer 14

Group task can be classified according to whether a division of labour is possible; whether there is a predetermined standard to be met; and how an individual’s inputs can contribute.

Question 15

Process loss

Answer 15

Deterioration in group performance in comparison to individual performance due to the whole range of possible interferences among members.

Question 16

Coordination loss

Answer 16

Deterioration in group performance compared with individual performance due to problems in coordinating behaviour

Question 17

Ringelmann effect

Answer 17

Individual effort on a task diminishes as group size increases. (Coordination loss/Motivation loss)

Question 18

Social loafing

Answer 18

A reduction in individual effort when working on a collective task (one in which our outputs are pooled with those of other group members) compared with working either alone or co-actively (our outputs are not pooled); (Output equity, Evaluation apprehension, Matching to standard)

Question 19

Free-rider effect

Answer 19

Gaining the benefits of group membership by avoiding costly obligations of membership and by allowing other members to incur these costs.Social impact

Question 20

Social impact

Answer 20

Effect that other people have on our attitudes and behaviour, usually as a consequence of factors such as group size, and temporal and physical immediacy.

Question 21

Social Compensation

Answer 21

Increased effort on a collective task to compensate for other group members actual, perceived or anticipated lack of effort or ability.

Question 22

Cohesiveness

Answer 22

The property of a group that affectively binds people, as group members, to one another and to the group as a whole, giving the group a sense of solidarity and oneness.

Question 23

Personal attraction

Answer 23

Liking for someone based on idiosyncratic preferences and interpersonal relationships.

Question 24

Social attraction

Answer 24

Liking for someone based on a common group membership and determined by the persons prototypically of the group.

Question 25

Group socialisation

Answer 25

Dynamic relationship between the group and its members that describes the passage of members through a group in terms of commitment and of changing roles. (forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning)

Question 26

Initiation rites

Answer 26

Often painful or embarrassing public procedure to mark group members movements from one role to another.

Question 27

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 27

State of psychological tension, produced by simultaneously having two opposing cognitions. People are motivated to reduce tension, often by changing or rejecting one of the cognitions. Festinger proposes that we seek harmony in our attitudes, beliefs and behaviours, and try to reduce tension from inconsistency among these elements

Question 28

Norms

Answer 28

Attitude and behavioural uniformities that define group membership and differentiate between groups.

Question 29

Ethnomethodology

Answer 29

Method devised by Garfinkel, involving the violation of hidden norms to reveal their presence.

Question 30

Stereotype

Answer 30

Widely shared and simplified evaluative image of a social group and its members.

Question 31

Frame of reference

Answer 31

Complete range of subjectively conceivable positions that relevant people can occupy in that context on some attitudinal or behavioural dimension.

Question 32

Group structure

Answer 32

Division of a group into different roles that often differ with respect to status and prestige

Question 33

Roles

Answer 33

Patterns of behaviour that distinguish between different activities within the group, and that interrelate to one another for the greater good of the group.

Question 34

Correspondence bias

Answer 34

A general attribution bias in which people have an inflated tendency to see behaviour as reflecting (corresponding to) stable underlying personality attributes.

Question 35

Status

Answer 35

Consensual evaluation of the prestige of a role or role occupant in a group, or of the prestige of a group and its members as a whole.

Question 36

Expectation states theory

Answer 36

Theory of the emergence of roles as a consequence of peoples status-based expectations about others performance.

Question 37

Specific status characteristics

Answer 37

Information about those abilities of a person that is directly relevant to the groups task.

Question 38

Diffuse status characteristics

Answer 38

Information about a persons abilities that are only obliquely relevant to the groups task, and derive mainly from large-scale category memberships outside the group.

Question 39

Communication network

Answer 39

Set of rules governing the possibility or ease of communication between different roles in a group.

Question 40

Schism

Answer 40

Division of a group into subgroups that differ in their attitudes, values or ideology

Question 41

Terror management theory

Answer 41

The notion that the most fundamental human motivation is to reduce the terror of the inevitability of death. Self-esteem may be centrally implicated in effective terror management.

Question 42

Social ostracism

Answer 42

Exclusion from a group by common consent.

Question 43

Lewin, 1948 Definition of Group

Answer 43

An aggregate or collective involves individuals not related psychologically; however a feeling of common fate/faith may make it a group

Question 44

Tajfel, (1981), Definition of Group

Answer 44

two or more individuals perceive themselves to be members of the same social category

Question 45

Stages of group formation (Tuckman, 1965)

Answer 45

Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Adjourning

Question 46

Membership Phases (Moreland & Levine, 1982)

Answer 46

Prospective member, Marginal member, Member, Marginal member, Ex-member

Question 47

Moreland and McGinn, (1999).

Answer 47

Hurts more when judged negatively by past group member (remembrance stage)

Question 48

Gerard and Mathewson, (1966).

Answer 48

Initiation Rites: big costs make members become more strongly attached to the group

Question 49

Status

Answer 49

is the concept that some social roles are more valued than others. Status can differentiate members within a group

Question 50

Social creativity

Answer 50

helps deal with inequality, by focusing on aspects they the group is better on rather than aspect which the group are worse on

Question 51

Deviants

Answer 51

are generally disliked in groups, and are only considered marginal group members. Bad speeches were rated as worse as when they came from an in-group rather than an out-group member. Deviants threaten the positive image of the group (Marques et al, 2001). Deviants can also be good for the group, as they can point out things that are wrong. Deviancy can be seen as constructive and in-group members are more likely to accept criticism from other in-group members.

Question 52

Imposters

Answer 52

are people posing as legitimate group members when theyre not. Meat eating vegetarians were derogated more by the in-group than the out-group (Jetten et al, 2005).

Question 53

Interdependence

Answer 53

People can often achieve more in groups than when alone (Thibaut & Kelley, 1959)

Question 54

Affiliation, similarity and support

Answer 54

Grouping together with people who have the same attitudes (Baumeister & Leary, 1995)

Question 55

Terror-management

Answer 55

People look for structure in their lives to confront the inevitability of their death (Greenberg et al. 1986)

Question 56

Need for social identity

Answer 56

Positive consequences for the self and motivation to protect the group because it is part of the self-image (Tajfel & turner, 1979)

Question 57

Optimal distinctiveness

Answer 57

People like to distinguish themselves from others but they need to affiliate with others, being in a group allows both (Brewer, 1991).

Question 58

Ostracism and social exclusion

Answer 58

can make people feel sad, angry and psychologically distressed, it even hurts when we do not want to be part of the group (Gonsalkorale & Williams, 2007). These emotions even resemble physical pain (Eisenberger et al, 2003).