Growth and control

Question 1

Macronutrients

Answer 1

Major elements in cell macromolecules and ions necessary for function

Question 2

Micronutrients

Answer 2

Trace elements necessary for enzyme function (Co, Cu, Mn, Zn)

Question 3

Siderophores

Answer 3

Specialized molecules secreted to bind iron and transport it into the cell

Question 4

Autotrophs

Answer 4

Fix CO2 to form organic molecules

Question 5

Heterotrophs

Answer 5

Use performed organic molecules

Question 6

Phototrophs

Answer 6

Use reactions triggered by light

Question 7

Chemotrophs

Answer 7

Use redox reactions

Question 8

Defined minimal medium

Answer 8

Contains only the compounds needs for an organism to grow

Question 9

Complex media

Answer 9

Nutrient-rich but poorly defined

Question 10

Synthetic media

Answer 10

Are precisely defined

Question 11

Enriched media

Answer 11

Media to which specific components are added

Question 12

Selective media

Answer 12

Favor the growth of one organism over another

Question 13

Differential media

Answer 13

Exploit differences between two species that grow equally well

Question 14

What factors describe normal growth conditions

Answer 14

Sea-level pressure, temp 20-40C, neutral pH, 0.9% salt, ample nutrients

Question 15

Extremophiles

Answer 15

Organisms inhabiting an ecological niche outside of “normal” growth conditions

Question 16

Barophiles

Answer 16

Organisms adapted to grow at very high pressures, up to 1000 atm

many Barophiles are also psychrophiles

Question 17

Halophiles

Answer 17

Require high salt concentrations

Question 18

Aquaporins

Answer 18

Membrane proteins that help protect cells from osmotic stress

Question 19

Neutralophiles

Answer 19

pH 5-8

Question 20

Acidophiles

Answer 20

pH 0-5

Question 21

Alkaliphiles

Answer 21

pH 9-11

Question 22

Maximum diversity is maintained by….

Answer 22

the different nutrient gathering prophetess of competing microbes

Question 23

Eutrophication

Answer 23

The sudden infusion of large quantities of a formerly limiting nutrient

Question 24

Oligotrophs

Answer 24

Have a high rate of growth at low solute concentrations

Question 25

Biofilms

Answer 25

Surface-attached communities that can be constructed by one or multiple species

Question 26

That is the order of biofilm formation

Answer 26

Attachment monolayer>>microcolonies>>exopolysaccharide production>>mature biofilm>>dissolution and dispersal

Question 27

Sterilization

Answer 27

Killing of all living organisms

Question 28

Disinfection

Answer 28

Killing or removal or pathogens from inanimate objects

Question 29

Antisepsis

Answer 29

Killing or removal of pathogens from the surface of living tissues

Question 30

Sanitation

Answer 30

Rducinf the microbial population to safe levels

Question 31

__________ agents kill organisms; ___________ agents doesn't kill organism but inhibits their growth

Answer 31

Bactericidal; bacteriostatic

Question 32

Decimal reduction time

Answer 32

The length of time it takes an agent or a condition to kill 90% of the population

Question 33

_______ heat is more effective than______ heat

Answer 33

Moist; dry

Question 34

Killing spores and thermophiles usually requires a combination of what two things..

Answer 34

High pressure and temperature

Question 35

Lyophilization

Answer 35

Freeze-drying

Question 36

What is ultraviolet light used for in irradiation

Answer 36

Surface sterilization

Question 37

What are gamma rays and X-rays used for....

Answer 37

They're used to irradiate foods and other heat sensitive items

Question 38

What factors influence the usefulness of a chemical agent

Answer 38

Stability, odor, corrosiveness, surface tension, and the presence of organic matter

Question 39

What does the phenol coefficient test determine

Answer 39

It compares the effectiveness of disinfectants

Question 40

Biocontrol

Answer 40

The use of one microbe to control the growth of another

Question 41

Probiotics

Answer 41

Contain certain microbes that, when ingested, aim to restore balance to intestinal flora

Question 42

Phage therapy

Answer 42

Aims to treat infectious diseases with a virus targets to the pathogen, a possible alternative to antibiotics in the face of rising antibiotic resistance

Question 43

Antibiotics

Answer 43

Chemical compounds synthesized by one microbe that kill or inhibit the growth of other microbial species

Question 44

Selective toxicity

Answer 44

Meaning that good antibiotics targets microbial physiology that isn't found in humans

Question 45

Broad-spectrum antibiotics

Answer 45

Effective against many species

Question 46

Narrow-spectrum antibiotics

Answer 46

Effective against few or a single species

Question 47

Minimal inhibitory concentration

Answer 47

Lowest concentration that prevents growth

Question 48

Minimal lethal concentration

Answer 48

Lowest concentration that kills a particular bacterium

Question 49

Which aspects of a microbe's physiology are classic targets

Answer 49

Cell wall, cell membrane, DNA synthesis, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and metabolism

Question 50

Bactoprenol

Answer 50

Lipid carrier that carries the precursors of peptidoglycan across the cell membrane

Question 51

Transglycosylases

Answer 51

Enzymes that catalyze the polymerization of peptidoglycan precursors to the existing cell wall structure

Question 52

Essential nutrients

Answer 52

Those that must be supplied from the environment

Question 53

What are the four types of cell wall antibiotics

Answer 53

Beta-lactam antibiotics, vancomycin, cycloserine, and bacitracin

Question 54

What type of cell wall antibiotics are competitive inhibitors of transpeptidases

Answer 54

Beta-lactam antibiotics

Question 55

Fungal infections can be divided into what two groups

Answer 55

Superficial mycoses & deep mycoses

Question 56

Superficial mycoses

Answer 56

Treated topically

Question 57

Deep mycoses

Answer 57

Treated systemically

Question 58

Fungal infections can be divided into what two groups

Answer 58

Superficial mycoses & deep mycoses

Question 59

Superficial mycoses

Answer 59

Treated topically

Question 60

Deep mycoses

Answer 60

Treated systemically