Growth and Development Final Flashcards
1
Q
Define human growth and development
A
the study of the way people change throughout lifespan
2
Q
Define growth
A
increase in physical size and weight
3
Q
Define development
A
maturation toward adulthood
4
Q
Define SIDS
A
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome ; babies sleeping on stomach is connected to sudden unexplained deaths of healthy infants
5
Q
What are the primary sexual characteristics for females?
A
ovaries, uterus, vagina
6
Q
What are the primary sexual characteristics for males?
A
penis, scrotum, testes
7
Q
What are the secondary sexual characteristics for both sexes?
A
facial hair, pubic and axillary hair, hair on arms/legs/chest, deepening of voice, increase in neck/shoulder size
8
Q
Define family.
A
network of people who influence each other’s lives
9
Q
Define abuse.
A
mistreatment of another person, usually intentional and causes harm
10
Q
Examples of physical development
A
body size, appearance, body functioning
11
Q
Examples of cognitive development
A
mental abilities like language, knowledge, problem-solving, creativity
12
Q
Examples of psychosocial development
A
personality, interpersonal skills, morality
13
Q
What are the four developmental stages?
A
Infancy and Toddlerhood (birth- 3)
Childhood (3-12)
Adolescence (12-18)
Adulthood (18+)
14
Q
True or False? Each of us progresses through the same predictable phases of life, we all grow up and age, but the way we move through them is highly individualized.
A
True.
15
Q
True or False? Each of us progresses through the same predictable phases of life, we all grow up and age, and the way we move through them is the same.
A
False.
16
Q
What external factors can influence growth and development?
A
1) family and peers
2) health environment
3) culture
4) unique life experiences
17
Q
What internal factors can influence growth and development?
A
heredity/genetics
18
Q
How does heredity/genetics influence growth and development?
A
influences physical growth/appearance
influences psychological uniqueness
19
Q
How does family and peers influence growth and development?
A
influences individual’s lifelong development
influences relationships with others
influences psychological health
helps individual to mature socially and emotionally
20
Q
How does a health environment influence growth and development?
A
influences diet, sleep, exercise, pollution
impacts normal growth and development
21
Q
How does culture influence growth and development?
A
affects actions and thinking
22
Q
How does unique life experiences influence growth and development?
A
shaped by events and oppertunities
23
Q
What are the developmental tasks associated with infancy?
A
1) learning to walk
2) learning to talk
3) development of teeth
4) hand-eye coordination improves
5) learning to eat solid foods
6) having emotional relationships with family
7) developing stable sleep and feeding patterns
24
Q
What are the developmental tasks associated with toddlerhood?
A
1) tolerating separation from the primary caregiver
2) independence ( ability to get around, toileting)
3) discovering their preferences
4) using words to communicate with others
5) gaining control of bowel and bladder
25
What are the three stages of Infancy and Toddlerhood?
1) neonatal (first 28 days of life)
2) infancy (first year)
3) toddlerhood (1-3)
26
What is the physical development for a neonate?
- foundation of motor skills result from multiple reflexes
- have internal clock regulating activities (sucking, feeding, sleeping, crying
- wrinkled skin, fat and chubby cheeks
- uncoordinated movements that lack purpose
27
What reflexes are the foundation for motor activities of a neonate?
```
Moro reflex: startle reflex protects from harm
rooting reflex: facilitates feeding
sucking reflex
grasping reflex
blinking reflex: protects eyes
stepping reflex: practice for walking
```
28
What is the cognitive development for a neonate?
- touch: reflexes
- taste/smell: development taste preferences, distinguish smells
- hearing: respond to sounds
- sight: least developed. eyes don't focus, but detect colours
- crying: have different sounds to communicate what they want
29
What is the psychosocial development of a neonate?
- stimulation of senses and routine care helps with bonding
| - development of trust
30
What is the physical development of an infant?
- reflexes disappear, now voluntary control
- motor development progresses from head to foot
- learn simple skills first, then combine them to make complex skills
- size and weight increases
- chubby and potbellied
31
List the accomplishments of an infant. (in months)
1- hold and lift up head
2- smile and follow movement
3- raise head when lying on stomach, sit when supported, hold rattle
4- babble, put objects in mouth, reflexes disappear, sleep through night
5- grasp objects, teeth appear, play with toes
6- sit alone, chew finger foods, two lower front teeth come out
7- upper teeth come out, respond to name, say dada and mama
8- stand when holding something, respond to no, don't like being changed/dressed
9- crawl, more upper teeth
10- walk around, understand words, only say a few words, indicate by pointing
11- take first steps
1 year- walk and hold cup, know more words, say no, shake head, imitate adults
32
What is the cognitive development of an infant?
-exploration of the world
-improved vision and hearing
-improved hand-eye coordination
-memory improvement
-speech:
2months=crying to cooing
6 months= babbling
1 year= laughing and speaking simple words
33
What is the psychosocial development of an infant?
- establish close and trusting relationships
- know who to turn to for basic needs and help
- notice differences in people
- differentiate themselves from others
- smile in response to others
- at 9 months, play simple games
34
What is the physical development of a toddler?
- can walk/run, jump, climb
- push/pull objects
- independence with feeding, dressing, toileting
- can't sit still
- become upset
- show hand preference
- draw and build
- ability to undress
- bowel control first, bladder control second
- more slender, weight quadruples and height increases
35
What are the Terrible Twos?
temper tantrums
kick and scream when disciplined
hate having independence challenged
36
What is the cognitive development of a toddler?
- speech: 2 years know 300 words put in short sentences
- begin to think
- display emotion
- don't understand right from wrong
- seek out pleasurable activities
- problem solve
- egocentric
37
What is the psychosocial development of a toddler?
- strongly attached to primary caregivers
- solitary play
- learn sharing but are possessive
- make believe
- show preference for gender-specific toys
38
What do you think a health care aide can do to promote the bonding process?
By acting as a role model.
39
What is the nutrition routine for toddlers? (first six months, 4-6 months and 2 years)
first six months: breast milk (recommended), commercial milk, cow's milk (not recommended)
4-6 months: solid food
2 years old: feed and drink on their own
40
What is the hygiene routine for toddlers?
- always check water temperature before putting a child in the tub
- never leave them alone
- don't let them touch the water faucets or let them stand up in it
- wrap towel around the child when lifting them out of the tub
- change diapers
41
What is recommended at birth through childhood to protect them from measles, mumps, diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis?
immunizations
42
What is the sleeping routines for toddlers?
- should be placed on side or back (SIDS is prevented)
| - avoid using pillows and thick blankets
43
What are the three stages in childhood?
1) Preschool (3-6)
2) Middle Childhood (6-8)
3) Late Childhood (9-12)
44
What are the physical developments for preschoolers?
- gain 51 lbs/year and grow 2 to 3 in/year
- baby fat declines and become slender
- improved hand-eye coordination, balance, muscle coordination
- can thread beads
- run, climb stairs, skip, throw/catch a ball
- can use scissors
- tie their shoes (6 years old)
- lots of energy
45
What are the cognitive developments for preschoolers?
- begin to figure things out
- develop thinking abilities
- have short attention span
- imaginary playmates (confuse fantasy with reality)
- at 6, they know 10 000 words
- sentences are structured and sophisticated
- ask 'why' alot
46
What are the psychosocial developments of preschoolers?
- learn to interact in groups
- share toys and offer help
- same-sex playmate preference
- able to reason and differentiate right from wrong
- experience guilt
- follow rules to avoid punishment
47
What is the physical development for middle childhood?
- grow 2 in/year and gain 5 lbs/year
- still in constant motion, but more cautious
- play hopscotch, roller-skate, skip rope, ride a two-wheeler and swim (motor skills)
- cut/fold paper, print with a pencil, draw, colour inside the lines, use knife to butter bread (fine motor skills)
- independence (comb hair, take bath, dress)
48
What is the cognitive development for middle childhood?
- language development close to complete
- vocabulary grows
- thinking is more logical
- present oriented
- rules are followed to receive a reward
- bargaining and concerns about fairness
49
What is the psychosocial development for middle childhood?
- influenced by new authority figure and rules/regulations at school
- learn to work with big group of children
- more stable friendships
- fears are related to school and death
- less outwardly affectionate with parents
- play becomes competitive (cheating)
50
What is the physical development in late childhood?
- growth spurts (girls 2 years before boys)
- play sports (improvements in flexibility, balance, agility and reaction time)
- voice changing
- hair growth
51
What is the cognitive development in late childhood?
- vocabulary grows
- reading and comprehension advance
- behaviour is determined by desire to please/help others
- fear of rejection and criticism
- rebellion develops against authority
- develop conscience and morals
52
What is the psychosocial development in late childhood?
- still rely on parents, but see them as less than perfect
- sibling rivalry
- same sex best friend
- have standards
- opposite sex viewed negatively
- teasing, insults, dares
- formation of self esteem
53
Describe the care of school-age children.
- can do most of their own care
- prefer privacy
- afraid of pain
- may not like to be touched
- need reassurance
- safety is a priority
- helped to eat healthy and in physical activity
- need regular visits to doctor/dentist
54
What are the development tasks for a preschooler?
1) better able to communicate and understand others
2) performing self-care activities
3) learning gender differences
4) distinguish right from wrong
5) learning to play with others
6) developing family relationships
55
What are the development tasks for middle childhood?
1) developing social and physical skills to play games
2) learning to get along with others
3) learning appropriate behaviours and attitudes for own's gender
4) learning reading, writing, arithmetic skills
5) developing a conscience and morals
6) developing a good feeling and attitude about self
56
What are the development tasks for late childhood?
1) becoming independent of adults and learning to depend on self
2) developing and keeping friendships with peers
3) understanding physical, psychosocial, social roles of genders
4) developing morals, ethics, strength, coordination and balance
5) learning how to study
57
What is the physical developments for an adolescent?
- increase in body size
- development of reproductive organs
- puberty (10-girls and 12-boys)
- increase of production of sex hormones
- girls: menstruation
boys: growth of penis and scrotum, ejaculation
- girls: slow and gradual motor skill development
boys: dramatic spurts in strength, speed and endurance
58
What is the cognitive developments for an adolescent?
- think abstractly and hypothetically
- think more about themselves and wrapped up in themselves
- step toward defining their identity
- form own values
- want freedom to draw own conclusions
- question authority and society
- want to be taken seriousy
59
What is the psychosocial development for an adolescent?
- puberty affects emotional state and social behaviour
- mood and feelings less stable
- relationship with family is strained, but peers is stronger
- increase sex drive
- sexual identity
- forming romantic/sexual attachments
60
What are the pros and cons of strengthening relationships with peers in the life of an adolescent?
```
Pros:
-helps loosen family ties
-offers protection
-provides support
-acts as a rehearsal for adult life
Cons:
-peer pressure
-antisocial behaviours
```
61
What are the health care needs of adolescents?
- independence
- let them participate in decisions of their care
- be good listener
- safety (lots of accidental deaths)
- need to see importance of healthy, balanced lifestyle
62
What's the effects of disability/chronic illness on adolescents and family?
- developmental tasks stay the same
- difference in how they accomplish tasks
- support needed
- family routines, roles and tasks change
- time, energy, money needed
- anger, anxiety, resentment and guilt, frustration
- siblings are lonely, under-appreciated and frustrated
63
What are the developmental tasks of an adolescent?
1) accepting changes in the body and appearance
2) developing appropriate relationships
3) accepting male/female roles
4) becoming independent from parents and adults
5) developing morals, attitudes and values needed for functioning in society
64
What are the three stages of adulthood?
1) Young adulthood (18-40)
2) Middle adulthood (40-65)
3) Late adulthood (65+)
65
Discuss the growth and development during young adulthood.
- independence and making own choices
- physical growth complete at 20
- more muscle tissue,max bone calcium, more brain mass, better senses, more efficient immune system
- intellectual processes peak
- career, marriage, babies, friendships
66
Discuss growth and development during middle adulthood.
- good health
- satisfying personal life
- income rising
- hair turning grey/falling out
- skin wrinkles, look older
- reassess goals in life and add new ones
- empty nest syndrome may develop
- prepare for retirement
- find joy in assisting the young to grow into adults
- sandwich generation: help aging parents and help children
67
Discuss growth and development during late adulthood.
- begins after retirement
- gradual loss of physical ability, vitality and stamina
- chronic health conditions develop
- time of loss (death of spouse, friends, independence)
- less family and career obligations, more time to pursue personal interests
68
Discuss the care of adults.
- few physical changes
- tend to ignore physical problems and seeking health care
- major concern is lifestyle
- women: menopause
men: decrease in male hormones, inability to sleep, chronic fatigue, anxiety
69
What are the developmental tasks for young adulthood?
1) choosing education and occupation
2) selecting a partner and living with them
3) raising children
4) developing satisfactory sex life
70
What are the developmental tasks for middle adulthood?
1) adjusting to physical changes
2) having grown-up children
3) developing leisure activities
4) relating to aging parents
71
What are the developmental tasks for late adulthood?
1) adjusting to less physical strength and loss of health
2) adjusting to retirement and less income
3) coping with death of partner
4) developing new friends and relationships
5) preparing for own death
72
At what age is a child expected to speak in short sentences?
3 years old
73
At what age is a child expected to like to brag and show off?
4 years old
74
At what age is a child expected to learn to write rather than print?
7 years old
75
At what age is a child expected to smile and follow objects with the eyes?
2 months
76
At what age is a child expected to eat table foods?
1 year old
77
At what age is a child expected to have bladder control during the day?
2 years old
78
At what age is a child expected to hold a rattle?
3 months
79
At what age is a child expected to react to the word "no"?
8 months
80
At what age does a child not like being teased or criticized?
7 years old
81
At what age does a child throw temper tantrums and say "no" often?
1-3 years old
82
At what age does a girl's pelvis become broader, fat appears on hips and chest, and budding of breasts occurs?
9-12 years old
83
At what age does someone choose a partner and learns to live together, developing intimate relationships?
18-40 years old
84
At what age does someone's weight control become a problem as metabolism and physical activity slows down?
40-65 years old
85
At what age does someone experience awkward movements because of rapid growth in height and weight?
12-18 years old
86
At what age does someone cheat to win, but they like rules and try to follow them?
5 years old
87
At what age does a child recognize that male and female bodies are different?
3 years old
88
At what age does accepting changes in body and appearance happen?
adolescence (12-18)
89
At what age does developing leisure-time activities happen?
middle adulthood (40-65)
90
At what age does gaining control of bowel and bladder functions happen?
toddlerhood (1-3)
91
At what age does learning to live with a husband or wife happen?
young adulthood (18-40)
92
At what age does learning to eat solid foods happen?
infancy (birth-1)
93
At what age does developing new friends and relationships happen?
late adulthood (65+)
94
At what age does learning to get along with peers happen?
middle childhood (6-8)
95
At what age does developing moral and ethical behaviour happen?
late childhood (8-12)
96
Define a nuclear family.
married father and mother, children
| grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins are included, but live in their own house
97
Define common-law couples
an unmarried couple
98
Define extended nuclear family
more than one family in one house
99
Define separated households.
couples separated by their work, but remain intact as a family: commute to see each other
100
Which kind of family setting is most prevalent throughout the world?
extended nuclear family
101
What is the traditional family setting?
the nuclear family (but only 45% so not the norm anymore)
102
Define skip-generation families.
grandparents care for the grandchildren
103
Define communal groups.
many families form a community and share family responsibilities
104
Define gay and lesbian couples.
same-sex couples
105
What are the three main functions of family life?
1) procreation
2) socialization
3) nurturance
106
One family function is procreation. Define this.
- bearing/adopting children
| - taking in new members and establishing a place for others
107
One family function is socialization. Define this.
- teaching socially accepted behaviours
- allocating resources
- maintaining order
- placing members into society and protecting them
108
One family function is nurturance. Define this.
- providing for physical needs
- assigning responsibility
- maintaining motivation and morale
109
What are the stages of the family life cycle?
1) married couple
2) parenthood
- childbearing families
- families with young children
- families with adolescents
3) launching stage
4) middle-aged parents (empty nesters and sandwich generation)
5) aging family members
110
What are the developmental tasks of a married couple in the family life cycle?
- establishing a mutually satisfying and intimate relationship with spouse
- fitting spouse into network of family and friends
111
What are the developmental tasks of parenthood for childbearing families in the family life cycle?
- adjusting to pregnancy
- adjusting marital space to make room for children
- having, adjusting to, and encouraging development of infants
- establishing home
112
What are the developmental tasks of parenthood for families with young children in the family life cycle?
-adjusting to needs and interests of children
-encouraging child's social and educational achievements
coping with energy depletion and lack of privacy of parents
113
What are the developmental tasks of parenthood for families with adolescents in the family life cycle?
- balancing adolescent's freedom with responsibility as they mature and become independent from parents
- re-establishing parental interests due to less children
114
What are the developmental tasks in the launching stage of the family life cycle?
- releasing grown children into college, marriage, work
- maintaining supportive home base
- developing adult to adult relationship with grown children
115
What are the developmental tasks of middle-aged parents (nesters and sandwich generations) in the family life cycle?
- rebuilding the marriage relationship
- maintaining ties with older and younger generations
- caring for aging parents
116
What are the developmental tasks for aging family members in the family life cycle?
- closing the family home and adapting it to aging
- maintaining functioning and interests in the face of physiological decline
- adjusting to retirement
- coping with loss of spouse, siblings, peers
- preparing for own death
117
Which are family member roles in a married couple of the family life cycle?
- wife
| - husband
118
Which are family member roles in parenthood of the family life cycle?
- wife/mother
- husband/father
- daughter/sister
- son/brother
119
Which are family member roles in the launching stage of the family life cycle?
- wife/mother/grandmother
- husband/father/grandfather
- daughter/sister/aunt
- son/brother/uncle
120
Which are family member roles in middle-aged parents of the family life cycle?
- wife/mother/grandmother
| - husband/father/grandfather
121
Which are the family member roles in the aging family members of the family life cycle?
- widow/widower
- wife/mother/grandmother
- husband/father/grandfather
122
Give examples of verbal abuse.
- swearing
- name calling
- accusing/blaming
- threatening
- ordering
123
Give examples of physical abuse.
- hitting/slapping
- biting
- pushing
- throwing things
- burning
124
Give examples of emotional abuse.
- threatening
- insulting
- rejecting
- humiliating
125
Give examples of sexual abuse.
- touching
- rape
- kissing
- exposure
126
Give examples of neglect (abuse).
- withholding food
- withholding education
- withholding medical care
- withholding attention
127
Name 5 types of abuse.
1) verbal
2) physical
3) emotional
4) sexual
5) neglect
128
Describe the cycle of violence.
*honeymoon, walking on eggshells, explosion, honeymoon*
- repeats itself, but gets worse every time the cycle repeats
- tends to repeat itself through a family's generations
129
What is the honeymoon stage in the cycle of violence?
forgiveness is sought and granted
130
What is the walking on eggshells stage in the cycle of violence?
attempt to keep abuser happy
131
What is the explosion stage in the cycle of violence?
violent act
132
Identify risk factors for child abuse.
- stress
- family crisis
- single parenting
- isolation
- caring for special needs children
133
Identify physical indicators of physical abuse.
- unexplained bruises, welts, lacerations (deep cut) or abrasions (scrapes)
- bald patches on scalp
- unexplained burns
- unexpected fracture/dislocations
134
Identify behavioural indicators of physical abuse.
- lying very still while surveying surroundings
- vacant/frozen stare
- fear of person or place
- isolated and have few friends
- poor self-concept
- feels deserving of punishment
135
Identify behavioural indicators of sexual abuse.
- sudden fears and phobias
- alcohol and drug abuse
- noticeable personality changes
- suicidal thoughts
- withdrawal from peers
- confusion about sexual identity and love
136
Identify physical indicators of neglect.
- underweight, poor growth pattern, failure to thrive
- bald patches on scalp
- consistent lack of supervision
- poor hygiene
- abondonment
137
Identify behavioural indicators of neglect.
- inappropriate seeking of affection
- begging, stealing, hoarding food
- inconsistent attendance at school
- constant fatigue, listlessness or falling asleep in class
- alcohol or drug abuse
- few or superficial friendships
138
Identify physical indicators of emotional abuse.
- speech disorders
- failure to thrive
- extreme lack
139
Identify physical indicators of emotional abuse.
- speech disorders
- failure to thrive
- extreme lack of confidence, withdrawal, depression
- inability to concentrate, procrastination
- fear of new situation and changes
- depressed at school holiday times
140
Identify behavioural indicators of emotional abuse.
- extreme behaviours
- antisocial and destructive
- developmental lags
- habit disorders
- neurotic traits
- hysteria, obsession, phobias
141
Identify behavioural indicators of emotional abuse.
- extreme behaviours
- antisocial and destructive
- developmental lags
- habit disorders
- neurotic traits
- hysteria, obsession, phobias
- suicide (threatened or attempted)
142
List common characteristics of an abused spouse.
- anxiety
- depression
- low self esteem
- believes she can't leave the relationship
- powerless/helpless
- isolated
- lack of support
- nowhere else to go
- children can't be separated from father
- fear
- blames self
143
State the reasons why the elderly are at risk of being abused.
- frailty
- poor health
- financial dependency
- emotional dependency
- neglect
144
Describe the role of the health care aide with regards to abuse.
- recognizing and reporting to supervisor immediately
* even suspected abuse-by law*
- do not ask victim prying questions
- be good listener if they want to talk
* don't offer advice*
* be aware of community resources*
- never confront abuser
* could result in harm to you or victim*
* don't be critical/judgmental*
- if violence occurs, notify police
145
Define fetal alcohol syndrome.
particular set of symptoms found in children where mothers consumed excessive amounts of alcohol during pregnancy
146
What are the symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome?
- mental retardation
- hyperactivity
- poor coordination
- small heads and bodies
- heart defects
- abnormalities of the face
147
Why is the time spent inside the uterus a critical period for the fetus?
development of sex, physical appearance, growth rate, temperament will all be affected by what the mother eats, the drugs she takes, and illnesses she may have
148
What is predominantly determined by heredity?
physical growth is predominantly determined by heredity when diet and the health environment are adequate
149
What plays a significant role once the baby is born?
environmental factors
150
What is critical during infancy because of their rapid growth in the body and brain?
good nutrition
151
Define bonding.
the process that caregivers undergo as they become attached to their child and firmly committed to meeting their needs
152
How does bonding between the child and the caregiver develop?
- cuddling
- kissing
- touching
- rocking
- soothing
- talking
* caring for the baby and stimulating their senses
153
How can you stimulate an infant's sense of sight?
- bright colours
- pictures
- mirrors
- toys
- patterned sheets and blankets
- placing the baby in different parts of the room
154
How can you stimulate an infant's sense of hearing?
- sing/talk
- tie bell onto baby
- play music
- provide a rattle
155
How can you stimulate an infant's sense of touch?
- handle in a loving, gentle manner
- avoid sudden jerky movements
- hold during feedings
- wrap baby snugly
- lay baby on different surfaces
156
What have studies discovered about children who lack parental love and stimulation?
show signs of:
- physical wasting
- malnutrition
- delays in physical and emotional development
157
When caring for infants and toddlers, what things can a health care aide do?
- give positive directions
- give advance notice that something has to be done so the child has few minutes to change their activities
- allow child to make own decisions
- make reasonable requests not more than child is capable of handling
- make rules that you plan to enforce and follow through on warnings
158
Why is abuse so difficult to spot?
parents deny or justify it, and children normalize it
159
Why do women tend to stay in abusive relationships?
- powerless
- helpless
- isolated
- lack of support of family, friends and others
- lack financial resources
- believe children cannot be separated from father
160
True or False? Spousal abuse is a criminal offence.
True
161
What should you do if violence occurs in your presence?
notify the police as soon as it is physically safe
| *never put own life at risk*
