Growth and Development (POSTNATAL)

Question 1

Distinguish between a newborn, an infant, a child and an adolescent

Answer 1

Newborn-28 days
Infant- 1yr
Child-1yr- Puberty
Adolescent-Puberty -21

Question 2

Explain why a newborn’s first breath must be particularly forceful and list some of the factors that stimulate the first breath.

Answer 2

-To overcome surface tension in the lungs expand them and drive out fluid that filled them in the womb allowing for efficient gas exchange

-Labor contractions, acidosis, tactile and cold stimuli, clamping umbilical cord, sensory stimulation, brain stem signaling system

Question 3

Discuss the cardiovascular changes that occur in the newborn.

Answer 3

Decreased pulmonary vascular resistance

increased systemic vascular resistance

Closure of fetal shunts like ductus arteriosis and foramen ovale

Increased pulmonary flow

Left arterial pressure is increased
Right arterial pressure is decreased

Question 4

List 4 degenerative changes that begin during adulthood.

Answer 4

Osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, alzheimer’s, parkinson’s, depression sensory changes, muscle weakness

Question 5

Define senescence

Answer 5

-A state of permanent cell arrest where cells stop dividing but remain metabolically active and can release harmful substances contribution to aging and age related disease

• Triggered by dna damage and telomere shortening

Causes implantation and tissue disfunction