GU

Question 1

Contraindications to IVP?

Answer 1

(1) Hypersensitivity to Iodine based drugs
(2) Multiple myeloma and amyloidosis.
(3) Combined renal and hepatic disease
(4) Renal failure.
(5) Thyroid disease
(6) Oligura
(7) Advanced dehydration.

Question 2

Contraindications to compression in IVP?

Answer 2

suspected urinary calculi, renal hypertension, and abdominal aneurysms.

Question 3

List the gross congenital anomalies of renal formation.

Answer 3

Agenesis
Supernumerary
Hyoplasia
Hyperplasia
Horseshoe
Crossed/fused ectopic
Pancake/lump/donought
Sigmoid

Question 4

Position anomalies of the kidneys?

Answer 4

Malrotation
Presacral/pelvic/prevertebral
Nephroptosis
Intrathoracic

Question 5

Duplex kidney (duplex ureter) ?

Answer 5

Complete
(A) Two separate collecting systems for one kidney.
(B) Upper collectes upper 1/3, lower for lower 2/3.
(C) Two separate insertions to bladder, upper one is ectopic (weigert-meyer law: ectopic (upper pole) ureter inserts lower on bladder than normal (lower pole) ureter).
(D) Complications: reflux, ureterocele, ectopic insertion ( leading to infection, obstruction)
Incomplete (more common)
(A) Ureters join somewhere along their course and insert to normal place on bladder on that side

Gensingers rule: separate blood supply, ureter, and insertion needed to define duplex kidney.

Question 6

Retrocaval ureter

Answer 6

(1) Only on right (unless sinus inversus).
(2) Ureter shows smooth turn medially behind IVC typically at L3-4 level
(3) Mild predisposition to obstruction causing infection, lithiasis or hydronephrosis.
(4) Caused by failure of subcardinal vein to atrophy and its conversion into the IVC (IVC usually formed from supracardianel vein).

Question 7

Fusion anomalies?

Answer 7

Horseshoe kidney - M/C, F>M
Crossed-fused ectopic kidney - M>F
Pancake kidney (aka disc/doughnut)

Question 8

Etiology of retrocaval ureter?

Answer 8

Subcardinal vein does not atrophy and becomes IVC (ivc usually formed from supracardinal vein)