GU

Question 1

what is contained within the suspensory ligament of the ovary?

Answer 1

ovarian artery + vein

Question 2

what is the name of the peritoneal pouch anterior to the uterus?

Answer 2

vesicouterine pouch

Question 3

what are the names of he four sections of the uterine tube from distal to proximal?

Answer 3

infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus
uterine part

Question 4

In which part of the uterine tube does fertilisation occur?

Answer 4

ampulla

Question 5

what is meant by the term “anteflexion”?

Answer 5

body of uterus is bent forward on the cervix

Question 6

what is meant by the term “anteversion”?

Answer 6

whole uterus is bent forward at a right angle to the vagina

Question 7

where is the bulbourethral gland located and what is its function?

Answer 7

below the prostate

-produce a mucous-like secretion to help things flow through urethra

Question 8

what are the 6 layers of the wall of the scrotum?

Answer 8

skin
dartos muscle (crinkles skin)
external spermatic fascia
cremaster muscle (contract to raise testis in cold weather)
cremasteric fascia
internal spermatic fascia

Question 9

where would a hydrocele form?

Answer 9

excess fluid between the parietal and visceral tunica vaginalis

Question 10

which kidney is higher?

Answer 10

left (due to liver on right)

Question 11

what is the network between the epididymous and the straight tubules from the seminiferous tubules called?

Answer 11

Rete testis

Question 12

describe the epithelium of the epididymous

Answer 12

pseudo stratified columnar epithelium with sterocilia

Question 13

what is the blood supply to the testis?

Answer 13

testicular a.

Question 14

what is the venous drainage of the testis?

Answer 14

pampiniform plexus -> testicular v. -> IVC on right, renal v. on left

Question 15

what is the lymphatic drainage of the testis?

Answer 15

testis -> para-aortic nodes

scrotum -> inguinal nodes

Question 16

how long is the ductus deferens?

Answer 16

45cm (same as femur, thoracic duct, spinal cord, incisors-> cardiac end of stomach)

Question 17

what is the function of the seminal vesicles?

Answer 17

secrete alkaline fluid -> neutralise
fructose -> ATP for sperm
prostaglandins -> aid sperm mobility, viability + stimulate contraction of female reproductive tract

Question 18

where does the urogenital tract originate from, embryologically?

Answer 18

intermediate mesoderm

Question 19

what are the names of the 3 primitive kidney structures?

Answer 19

pronephros, mesonephros + metanephros

Question 20

from what 2 sources does the definitive kidney develop?

Answer 20

metanephric mesoderm

ureteric duct

Question 21

what is the cloaca?

Answer 21

posterior orifice that serves as the only opening for the intestinal, reproductive and urinary tracts at early stages
(gives rise to anterior urogenital sinus + posterior rectal/anal canal)

Question 22

what are the ureteric buds?

Answer 22

protrusions of mesonephric duct

allows urine drainage from the developing kidney

Question 23

what is the allantois?

Answer 23

sac like structure involved in nutrition + exertion, evagination of hindgut

Question 24

what is the urachus?

Answer 24

duct between bladder + yolk sac

Question 25

what is another name for the paramesonephric ducts?

Answer 25

Mullerian ducts

Question 26

what is another name for the mesonephric ducts?

Answer 26

Wolffian ducts

Question 27

at what week does sex differentiation begin?

Answer 27

week 7

Question 28

what causes mullein ducts to regress in males

Answer 28

anti-Mullerian hormone - by Sertoli cells of testis

Question 29

what is the "ovary determining gene"?

Answer 29

Wnt 4

Question 30

which gene promotes differentiation of testis?

Answer 30

SRY- Sex determining Region of Y chromosome

Question 31

from what structure do the penis and the clitoris originate?

Answer 31

the phallus

Question 32

describe hypospadias

Answer 32

urethral folds don't fuse

Question 33

which enzyme converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone?

Answer 33

5- alpha reductase

Question 34

from what are steroid hormones synthesised?

Answer 34

cholesterol

Question 35

``` Describe the characteristics of 0 Primordial follicle 1 primary follicle 2 secondary follicle 3 Graafian/ tertiary follicle ```

Answer 35

0 single layer of cells, primary oocyte 1 >1 layer, zona pellucida 2 presence of Antrum (fluid filled space), oocyte goes to one side, granulose cells surround oocyte - secrete aromatase 3 bigger

Question 36

what is the function of aromatase?

Answer 36

converts androgens to oestrogens

Question 37

what is the function of inhibin?

Answer 37

inhibits FSH, but NOT LH (LH surge)

Question 38

what is meant by "hirsutism"

Answer 38

excess growth of hair on a female's face or body

Question 39

what are the two layers of the endometrium and describe the blood supply for each

Answer 39

stratum functionalism- spiral a. | stratum basalis- straight a.

Question 40

why does the endometrial tissue shed at menstruation?

Answer 40

``` uterine lining gets no progesterone => spiral arteries constrict => endometrial tissue becomes ischaemic => cell death + sloughing of stratum functionalism => built up blood gushes out ```

Question 41

what does the corpus lute become at 14 days, if no pregnancy?

Answer 41

corpus albicans (white)

Question 42

what are the functions of progestogens?

Answer 42

endometrial development, maintanance of pregnancy in placenta, mammary gland development

Question 43

vagina epithelium type

Answer 43

stratified squamous non-keratinising (nuclei present) (same as oesophagus

Question 44

why is the blood testis barrier important?

Answer 44

haploid cells would be recognised as foreign by immune cells, so is protected

Question 45

what is cryptorchidism?

Answer 45

undescended testes

Question 46

what are the components of the inguinal canal?

Answer 46

2 MALT upper: 2 Muscles: - internal oblique Muscle - transverse abdominus Muscle Anterior wall: 2 Aponeuroses: - Aponeurosis of external oblique - Aponeurosis of internal oblique Lower wall: 2 Ligaments: - inguinal Ligament - lacunar Ligament Posterior wall: 2 Ts: - Transversalis fascia - conjoint Tendon

Question 47

what is the main danger associated with the inguinal canal?

Answer 47

potential site of herniation

Question 48

what passes through the inguinal canal?

Answer 48

Spermatic cord/round ligament of uterus Ilioinguinal n. Genital branch of genitofemoral n. Blood and lymphatic vessels

Question 49

what is the function of the peritubular hyoid cells?

Answer 49

- moves sperm along tubule | - signals Leydig cells to produce testosterone and move into tubule to support sperm

Question 50

how is renal selective reabsorption achieved?

Answer 50

due to unique renal tubular cell membrane composition

Question 51

when the macula dense senses increased tubular flow, what does it produce and what effect does that have?

Answer 51

adenosine -> afferent arteriolar constriction

Question 52

when the macula dense senses decreased tubular flow, what does it produce and what effect does that have?

Answer 52

renin ->RAAS

Question 53

Creatinine clearance (in steady state) can be used to estimate...

Answer 53

GFR (as creatinine produced at constant rate)

Question 54

what constitutes a low eGFR and is indicative of injured/diseased kidneys (along with haemo/proteinurea?

Answer 54

<60ml/min

Question 55

what is the most important inhibitor of kidney stone formation?

Answer 55

citrate

Question 56

What are the maximum and minimum urine outputs for a functioning kidney?

Answer 56

0.4 L/day | 12 L/day

Question 57

what is meant by an "allogeneic" transplant?

Answer 57

do not and recipient not genetically identical, but from the same species

Question 58

what is the normal capacity of the bladder?

Answer 58

400-500ml

Question 59

What is the blood supply to the bladder?

Answer 59

inf. + superior vesical a. (from internal iliac a.) | +uterine + vaginal a. in female

Question 60

What is the venous drainage of the bladder?

Answer 60

vesical venous plexus -> internal iliac v.

Question 61

what is the nervous supply of the bladder?

Answer 61

sympathetic afferent = hypogastric n. parasympathetic = sacral pre-ganglionic parasympathetic nuclei in intermediolateral columns of S2,3,4 (keep the pee off the floor) vesical nervous plexus (branch of pelvic plexus)

Question 62

Lymphatic drainage of bladder?

Answer 62

vesical, internal, external + common iliac lymph nodes

Question 63

what 9 structures are found in the spermatic cord?

Answer 63

``` 1 ductus deferens 2 testicular a. 3 artery to the vas. 4 cremasteric a. 5 pampiniform plexus 6 genital branch of genitofemoral a. 7 autonomic n.s 8 lymph vessels 9 remnants of the processes vaginalis ```

Question 64

what is "atrasia"?

Answer 64

breakdown of a follicle containing an oocyte

Question 65

what is produced by the theca interna?

Answer 65

androgens

Question 66

what is the function of the granulosa cells?

Answer 66

to produce aromatase

Question 67

what are the two layers that make up the stratum functionalism, from lumen to myometrium?

Answer 67

stratum compactum and stratum spongiosum

Question 68

how long is the uterine tube?

Answer 68

about 13cm

Question 69

how do you calculate the anion gap?

Answer 69

[Na+] - [Cl-] + [HCO3-] (greater than 18 = not CO2 or HCO3)

Question 70

describe the maturation of sperm in the seminiferous tubules

Answer 70

spermatogonium -> (mitosis) -> primary [diploid] spermatocyte (meiosis I) -> secondary [haploid] spermatocyte (meiosis II) -> spermatid (differentiation) -> spermatozoon (maturation + acquisition happens in lumen, then capacitation in female tract)

Question 71

describe the epithelium of the PCT + DCT

Answer 71

simple cuboidal

Question 72

describe the epithelium of the loop of Henle

Answer 72

simple squamous

Question 73

describe the epithelium of the collecting duct

Answer 73

simple columnar (plus principal= aquaporins + intercalated cells = acid/base balance)

Question 74

what is "spironolactone"?

Answer 74

K+ sparing diuretic | prevents body from absorbing excess Na+ and keeps K+ levels from getting too low

Question 75

what is "calcichew"?

Answer 75

Calcium carbonate= phospate binder | soaks ip phosphates in food so it doesn't enter blood