People + Illness Flashcards
(33 cards)
What is Pharmacokinetics?
What your body does to the drug (Dynamics-Drug DD)
What is Pharmacodynamics?
What the drug does to the body (Dynamics-Drug DD)
What is bioavailability and which letter is it commonly expressed as?
the fraction of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation (F)
What is clearance?
volume of plasma (blood etc.) “cleared” of drug per unit time
how many half lives does it take to reach a steady state?
4-5
what two things is half-life determined by?
clearance and volume of distribution
what is the volume of distribution of a drug?
the volume in which the amount of drug would need to be uniformly distributed to produce observed blood concentration
Vd=dose/concentration of free drug in blood
what are the two main differences between linear and non-linear pharmacokinetics?
Linear:
-Rate of elimination is proportional to the concentration.
Non-linear:
-Rate of elimination is constant regardless of amount of drug present
Linear:
Concentration proportional to dose
Non-linear:
Concentration not proportional to dose
what are the four main types of drug receptor and the purpose/benefit of each?
- Enzyme linked (multiple actions)
- Ion channel linked (speedy)
- G protein linked (amplifier)
- Nuclear (gene) linked (long lasting)
what is drug affinity?
measure of propensity of a drug to bind receptor; the attractiveness of drug and receptor
what is drug efficacy (or intrinsic activity)?
ability of a bound drug to change the receptor in a way that produces an effect
what is the therapeutic index?
difference between the amount of drug that causes the therapeutic effect to the amount that causes toxicity. Higher the TI, the better the drug.
which is more reliable at measuring GFR, serum creatinine or creatinine clearance?
creatinine clearance
what is an invasion?
Growth by infiltration and destruction of surrounding tissues
What is metastasis
spread of tumour to - and growth at- ectopic sites, via blood/lymphatics/intra-epithelial or trans-coelomic
define “carcinoma”
malignant tumour derived from EPITHELIAL cells (80% cancers)
define “sarcoma”
malignant tumour derived from MESENCHYMAL cells (stem cell that can give rise to cartilage, fat, muscle or bone)
define “melanoma”
malignant tumour derived from NEURAL CREST cells (MELANOCYTES (skin cancer), craniofacial cartilage and bone, smooth muscle, peripheral and enteric neurons and glia)
define “leukaemia”
malignant tumour derived from circulating WBCs
define “lymphoma”
malignant tumour derived from the lymphatic system
what is “intravasation” and therefore “extravasation”?
the invasion of cancer cells through the basal membrane into a blood or lymphatic vessel. extravasation = exit
what are the 7 properties of metastatic tumour cells?
- Reduced cell-cell adhesion - cadherin
- Altered cell-substratum adhesion - integrin
- Increased motility - HGF (hepatocyte growth factor)
- Increased proteolytic ability - serine protease and MMP ‘stories’
- Angiogenic ability -VEGF
- Ability to intravasate + extravasate - making like WBCs?
- Ability to proliferate (locally + in ectopic sites) - tumour micro environment?
what are the 8 symptoms of stimulant toxidrome? (with rubbish/improved mnemonic)
+the overall effect
THE SHARD
Tachycardia
Hypertension
Elevated Temperature
Sweaty Hallucination Agitation Risk of arrhythmia Dilated Pupils
Stimulation of adrenergic activity
what are the triad symptoms of serotonergic?
Altered mental status - agitation/ confusion / seizures
Autonomic changes - hyperthermia / diaphoresis, diarrhoea / tachycardia / hypertension / salivation
Neuromuscular effects - myoclonus, clonus, hyperreflexia, tremor, rigidity
BONUS - also hallucinations
