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GUR Flashcards

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1
Q

quid of hypernatremia

A

serum sodium> 145 meq/l

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2
Q

symptom of hypernatremia

A

Neurologic

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3
Q

neurologic problem in hypernatremia(2)

A

altered mental satus

seizures

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4
Q

causes of hypernatremia 6 D

A 
Diuretics
Dehydration
Diabetes insipidus
Docs(iatrogene)
Diarrhea
Disease(kidney sickle cell disease)
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5
Q

time to correct hypernatremia(2)

A

48-72 h

to prevent cerebral edema

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6
Q

quid of hyponatremia

A

na+< 136 meq/l

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7
Q

hypertonic hyponatremia

A

osmolality>295meq/l

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8
Q

normotonic hyponatremia

A

osmolality entre 280-295 meq/l

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9
Q

hypotonic hyponatremia

A

osmolality < 280 meq/l

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10
Q

cause of hypotonic hyponatremia with hypervolemia(4)

A

renal failure
nephrotic syndrome
cirrhosis
CHF

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11
Q

cause of hypotonic hyponatremia with hypovolemia(5)

A 
diuretics
vomiting
diarhea
third spacing
dehydration
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12
Q

RX OF hypotonic hyponatremia with hypovolemia

A

Replete volume with NACL 0,9%

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13
Q

hypervolemic hyponatremia(3)

A

Nephrosis
Cirhhosis
cardiosis

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14
Q

rythm to correct hyponatremia

A

0,5-1 meq/l/hr

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15
Q

why you should correct hyponatremia cautiously

A

to prevent central pontine myelosis

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16
Q

quid of central pontine myelinosis(2)

A

quadraplegia

pseudobulbar palsy

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17
Q

quid of hyperkaliemia

A

K> 5 meq/l

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18
Q

causes of hypokaliemia(2)

A

renal

GI losses

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19
Q

symptom of hypokaliemia(4)

A

muscle weakness
cramps
ileus
hyporeflexia

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20
Q

EKG in hypokaliemia(2)

A

flat T waves

U waves

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21
Q

causes of hypercalcemia CHIMPAZEES

A 
Calcium supplementation
Hyperparathyroidism
Iatrogenic/Immobility
Milk alkali syndrome
Paget disease
Addisons/Acromegaly
Neoplasm
Zollinger ellison syndrome(MEN 1)
Excess vit A
excess vit D
Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disease
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22
Q

hypercalcemia

A

calcium> 10.2

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23
Q

most common causes of hypercalcemia(2)

A

hyperparathyroidism

malignancy

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24
Q

quid of hypocalcemia

A

calcium< 8

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25
cause of false hypocalcemia
hypoalbuminemia
26
classic hypocalcemia symptoms(3)
cramps tetany following thyroidectomy
27
chvostek sign in hypocalcemia
facial spasm elicited from tapping of the facial nerve
28
trousseau sign in hypocalcemia
carpal spasm after arterial occlusion with BP cuff for example
29
symptom of hypocalcemia(3)
abdominal muscle cramps tetany perioral acral paresthesias
30
quid of hypomagnesemia
Mg<1,5
31
etiologies of hypomagnesemia(3)
DKA/pancreatitis loss of magnesium decrease of intake
32
decrease intake causing hypomagnesemia(4)
malnutrition malabsorption short bowel syndrome total parenteral nutrition
33
loss causing hypomagnesemia(6)
``` diuretics diarrhea vomiting hypercalcemia drugs alcoholism ```
34
drugs causing hypomagnesemia
amphotericin
35
symptom of hypomagnesemia(5)
``` hyperactive reflexes seizures arrythmias paresthesia confusion ```
36
CAUSE OF PRERANAL ACUTE RENAL FAILURE(7)low renal perfusion
``` hypovolemia cardiogenic shock sepsis anaphylaxia drugs renal artery stenosis hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis ```
37
renal cause of acute renal failure(4)nephron injury
ATN( acute renal tubular necrosis) acute /allergic intersticial nephritis glomerulonephritis thromboembolism
38
post renal causes of acute renal failure(5)post renal obstruction
``` prostate disease nephrolithiasis pelvic tumors recent pelvic surgery retroperitoneal fibrosis ```
39
causes of ATN(3)
renal ischemia hemoglobinuria myoglobinuria
40
prenal acute renal failure(4)
FeNA< 1 Una < 20 specific gravity of urine 1020 BUN/creat > 20
41
FeNA < 1 meaning
reins are trying to conserve Na
42
hyaline cast
prenal failure
43
red cell cast and dysmorphic red cells (2) quid
glomerulonephrits | intrinsic problem
44
white cells and eosinophils(3)
allergic intersticial nephritis atheroembolic disease intrinsic disease
45
ATN finding in urinalysis(3)
granular cast renal tubular cells muddy brown cast
46
quid of ATN
intrinsic disease
47
urinalysis finding in pyelonephritis(2)
white cells | white cell casts
48
classification problem in pyelonephritis
post renal
49
indication of dyalisisAEIOU
``` Acidosis Electrolyte disturbances Ingestion Overload fluid Uremic symptoms ```
50
electrolyte disturbance indicating dyalisis
hyperkaliemia
51
substance ingestion indicating dyalisis(6)
``` salicylates theophyline methanol barbiturates lithium ethylene glycol ```
52
uremic symptoms quid(6)
``` pericarditis encephalopathy bleeding nausea pruritis myoclonus ```
53
why acidosis in renal failure
inability to excrete H+
54
hematuria HTA and oliguria dx
nephritic syndrome
55
do you have proteinuria in nephritic syndrome
Less than 1.5
56
proteinuria in nephrotic syndrome
More or equal a 3.5 g /day
57
biology in nephrotic syndrome(4)
proteinuria hypoalbuminemia hyperlipidemia hyperlipiduria
58
problem in nephrotic syndrome
increase permeability of the glomerulus
59
nephrtic syndrome a immune complex(2)
GNA | Ig A nephropathy(maladie de Berger)
60
pauci immune nephritic syndrome
wegener
61
syndrome nephritic avec anti GMB disease(2)
goodpasture syndrome | alport syndrome
62
clue for GNA(4)
edema HTA oliguria smoky brown urine
63
labs of GNA(3)
low c3 high ASo lumpy bumpy immuno fluorescence
64
cause of GNA
group A hemolytic strep
65
most common type of nephritic syndrome
IGA nephropathy ou maladie de berger
66
clue for berger(3)
upper respiratory tract infecion nephritic syndrome association with henoch shonlein purpura
67
C3 in berger
normal
68
rx of nberger
glucocorticoids | ACE for proteinuria
69
wegener clue(2)
upper and lower respiratory tract disease | renal problem
70
anapath of wegener(2)
granulomatous disease | necrotizing vasculitis
71
hemoptysis in wegener why
cavity in lungs
72
lab for wegener
C anca
73
biopsy in wegener
segmental necrotizing glomerulonephritis with few immunoglobulin deposits on immunofluorescence
74
rx of wegener(2)
corticoid | cytotoxic agents
75
clue for Goodpasture organ involvement
lung | rein
76
biosy in goodpasture(3)
linear anti GBM deposi on immunofluorescence iron deficiency anemia hemosiderrin filled macrophages in sputum
77
xray in goodpasture
pulmonary infiltrates
78
rx of goodpasture(2)
plasma exchange | steroids
79
quid of alport syndrome
hereditary glomerulonephritis
80
gender for alport
boy 5-20 ans
81
clue for alport(2)
hematuria | nerve deafness
82
biopsy for Alport
GBM splitting on electron microscopy
83
prognosis of Alport
progress to renal failure
84
causes of nephrotic syndrome(6)
``` Minimal change disease focal segmental glomerulo sclerosis Membranous nephropathy lupus nephritis diabetic nephropathy renal amyloidosis Membranoproliferative nephropathy ```
85
cause of renal amyloidosis(2)
multiple myeloma | chronic inflammatory disease(RA/TB)
86
dx of amyloidosis(3)
fat pad biopsy congo red stain apple green birefringence undr polarised light
87
most common nephropathy in caucasian adults
membranous nephropathy
88
calcul(4)
calcium oxalate/calcium phosphate struvite(MGNH4PO4) acid uric cystine
89
most common calcul
calcium oxalate or phosphate
90
hexagonal crystals
cystine
91
size of stone to pass through the urethra
< 5mm
92
stone < 3 mm next step(2)
extracorporeal shock wave liotripsy | percutaneous nephrolitotomy
93
PCKD in infant inheritance
autosomal recessive
94
PCKD in adult
autosomal dominant
95
types of Renal tubular acidosis RTA(3)
1 2 4
96
defect in type 1 renal tubular acidosis
H+ secretion
97
defect in type 2 renal tubular acidosis
hco3- reabsorption
98
defect in type 4 renal tubular acidosis(2)
aldosterone deficiency or resistance | defect in K+ and H+ excretion and Na+ reabsorption
99
K+ in the different type of RTA(3)
high or low in type 1 low in type 2 high in type 4
100
PH urine in the different types of RTA(4)
> 5,3 in type 1 5.3 initially and < 5,3 once serum acidic in type 2 < 5,3 in type 4
101
etiologies in type 1 RTA(6)
``` hereditsry amphotericin cirrhosis autoimmune disorders scd lithium ```
102
etiologies in type 2 RTA (4)
HEREDITARY CARBONIC ANHYDRASE inhibitor fanconi syndrome multiple myeloma
103
etiologies in type 4 RTA (4)
hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism chronic kidney disease from DM HTA HIV
104
rx type 1 et 2
citrate de K+
105
rx of type 4(3)
furosemide fludrocortisone low potassium diet
106
complication of type 1 RTA
nephrolithiasis
107
complication of type 2 RTA(2)
rickets | osteomalacia
108
complication of type 4 RTA
hyperkaliemia
109
corner stone of SIAH rx
fluid restriction
110
leading cause of ca in men(5)
``` lung prostate colorectal pancreatic leukemia ```
111
cause of elevated PSA(5)
``` BPH prostatitis UTI prostatic trauma carcinoma ```
112
screening test for prostate ca
annual direct rectal examination after 50
113
differentiel dx of hematuria S2I3T3
``` Stricture stones infection inflammation infarction tumor trauma TB ```
114
palpable flank mass in the setting of flank pain and hematuria
renal cell carcinoma
115
common presentation in renal cell carcinoma(2)
anemia | polycythemia
116
when to do orchiopexy in kid in case of cryptorchidism
after age one and before age 5

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