Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

4 - Repro > Gynaecological tumours > Flashcards

Gynaecological tumours Flashcards

(54 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Where can you get gynaecological tumours?

A

Vulva Cervix (neck of uterus) Endometrium (lining of uterus) Myometrium (body of uterus) Ovary Tumours of gestation (pregnancy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two most common types of carcinoma of the cervix?

A

Squamous carcinomaAdenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Give some rarer type of cervical carcinoma

A

• adenosquamous • clear cell (?DES) • neuroendocrine • sarcoma • lymphoma • metastasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some risk factors for cervical cancer?

A

Sexual intercource, multiple partnersImmunosuppressionCigarette smokingLong term use of OCPEarly 1st pregnancyMultiple pregnanciesFamilial tendency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the main viral cause for cervical carcinoma?

A

Human Papilloma Virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does HPV cause?

A

wartsflat wartsacanthosiskoilocytosispapillomatosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the type of HPV that lead to cervical carcinoma?

A

HPV 16 and 18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which genes are involved?

A

E6 and E7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the characteristics of a squamous carcinoma of the cervix?

A

Have cervical expansionUlcer and nodule formationPresents with post-coital, intermenstrual or postmenopausal bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some histological features of squamous carcinoma of the cervix/

A

Have infiltrating tongues of squamous epitheliumPresence of cytological features of malignancyCan be defined as well, moderately or poorly differentiated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where can carcinoma of the cervix spread locally?

A

UretersRectum - fecal incontinenceBladder - urinary incontinenceCan have the formation of fistulas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the pattern of lymphatic drainage in cervical carcinoma?

A

Iliac lymph nodesAortic lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is cervical intraepithelial neoplasia?

A

Potentially premalignant transformation and abnormal growth which can lead onto development of squamous cell carcinoma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give a specific characteristic of CIN which helps with diagnosis

A

All cells at all levels are abnormal– what you are looking for with cervical screening programmes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is CIN graded?

A

• mitotic activity • nuclear pleomorphism, hyperchromasia • nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the prognosis for cervical carcinoma?

A

Stage one – cure in most casesOverall have a 62% 10 year survival rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Give some characteristics of cervical screening

A

Start age = 25Every 3 years till 50Every 5 years from 50-65Abnormal cells present will indicate a referral for colposcopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What strains of HPV are vaccinated against?

A

8, 11 (warts) and 16, 18 (cervical cancer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a disadvantage of not vaccinating boys?

A

Do not get herd immunity as half the population are not protected and they can pass on the virus to females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the two main types of endometrial carcinoma?

A

Type I - unopposed oestrogenType II - clear cell and uterine serous property

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What factors give rise to an increase in circulating levels of oestrogen?

A

nulliparousearly menarchelate menopauseiatrogenicobesitydiabetesHRT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why is obesity related to high oestrogen levels?

Study These Flashcards
A

It causes an increase in androgen production levels from the ovaries, therefore increasing oestrogen levels.

23
Q

Give some characteristics of endometrial carcinoma

Study These Flashcards
A

GlandsMalignant epitheliumSome squamous areasInvades the myometrium and the cervixSpread to adnexa (areas adjacent to the uterus)

24
Q

How is the prognosis of endometrial carcinoma determined?

Study These Flashcards
A

If the depth is less or greater than half of the myometriumInvolvement of cervical stroma/adnexaIs there any associated hyperplasiaWhat grade and type it is

25
What is a carcinosarcoma?
The presence of malignant glands and stroma. Tends to occur more in older womenHas a poor prognosis
26
What are the different type of endometrial hyperplasia that you can get?
SimpleComplexComplex with atypia
27
Define simple endometrial hypoerplasia
Enlargement of cystic glands as well as having an abundant stroma
28
Define complex endometrial hyperplasia
Glands which are crowded, branched of budded.
29
Define complex with atypia
Has same features as complex with the cytological features of malignancy of varying degrees.
30
What happens when a cervical screening comes back as abnormal?
Referral fro colposcopyAbnormal areas are highlights with diluted acetic acidAreas are removed by diathermyThen cytology of biopsy
31
What type of tumours are myometrial tumours?
Smooth muscle leiomyoma AKA fibroidsand benign tumours
32
What are some of the effects of smmooth muscle leiomyoma?
Are dependent on oestrogenHeavy/painful periodsInfertilityCan have multiple or single
33
Give some of the histological features of leiomyoma
• Interlacing bundles of smooth muscle • rounded ends to nuclei • fibrotic or myxoid stroma • Atypical types
34
What is a leiomyosarcoma?
Are malignancies found in smooth muscle of myometrium
35
What is a specific characteristic of leiomyosarcomas?
Are not derived form benign leimyomas
36
Where can ovarian neoplasms arise from?
- surface epithelium - stroma - sex cord components - germ cells - metastases
37
What are the symptoms of ovarian neoplasms?
No symptoms of the precursorSymptoms present late- ascites- effects of a mass- menstrual disturbances- inappropriate sex hormones
38
What are the different classifications of ovarian carcinomas?
Epithelial - serous- mucinous- endometrioid- clear cell- Brenner (transitional)
39
What are some of the causes of ovarian epithelial neoplasms?
- IVF- HRT- Smoking- Obesity- Endometriosis- Talcum powder (asbestos fibres)- Prior cyst
40
What are the types of sex cord tumour that you can get?
Granulosa cell tumourFibroma or thecomaSertoli leydig cell tumour
41
Give some characteristic of granulosa cell tumours
Oestrogen producingIntra-abdominal spreadUsually recurs in 5 yearsCan also have late recurrenceDistant metastases are rareCan develop iso-sexual precocious puberty
42
Give some histological characteristics of granulosa cell tumours
Regular cells with coffee bean nucleiHave circular gaps in the tissue, which are known as Call-Exner bodies
43
Describe a leydig cell tumour
Is uncommon and causes virilisation - produces androgens
44
Give some histological characteristics of leydig cell tumours
Pink cells with abundant cytoplasmUsually are benign
45
Describe a teratoma
Ovarian germ cell neoplasmIs a mature cystic teratoma which can contain:- skin- teeth- hair- bone- thyroid- gliaAre benign
46
Describe vulval tumours
Most are squamous carcinomasCaused by HPV in younger womenMainly found in the labia
47
What are some causes for vulval carcinoma in older women?
Differentiated vulval intraepithelial neoplasiaChronic irritationLichen sclerosusSquamous hyperplasiaSmokingHypertensionDiabetes
48
What is lichen sclerosus?
degeneration of stromal tissue
49
What are the macroscpoic characteristics of vulvo intraepithelial neoplasia?
Scaly red patches around anusWhite around the clitorisIs painful and itchy
50
How would you treat a vulval carcinoma?
Surgery to remove tumour and any lymph nodes involved. Can be curative if all tumour and metastases are removed.
51
How does the tumour spread?
Locally Metastasises to the inguinal lymph nodes
52
What is a hydatiform mole?
An abnormal form of pregnancy in which a non-viable fertilised egg implant in the uterus and will fail to come to term. -- Gestational trophoblastic disease
53
What are the different types of gestational trophoblastic disease?
Hydatiform mole - benignInvasive mole- choriocarcinoma- placental site trophoblastic tumour
54
What genotypes can you get with a hydatiform mole?
Complete 46XX or 46XY but both will be paternal15% risk of malignancyPartial 69XXY triploid- one egg and two sperm0.5% risk of malignancy

4 - Repro (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions