STIs

Question 1

Which groups of people are classed as high risk for STIs?

Answer 1

Young people
Minority ethnic groups
People affected by poverty and social exclusion
Low socio-economic groups
People with poor educational opportunities
Unemployed people
Individual born to teenage mothers

Question 2

Give some morbidities that are associated with STIs.

Answer 2

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Impaired fertility
Reproductive tract cancers
Risk of BBV
Risk of congenital and peripartum infections of newborns
Social and psychological stigma
Risk of lifetime infection
Possible transmission to others

Question 3

What organism causes HPV?

Answer 3

Human Papillomaviruses

Question 4

What organism causes Herpes?

Answer 4

Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2

Question 5

Which organism is more common in genital herpes?

Answer 5

Type 2 herpes simplex virus

Question 6

What organism cause chlamydia?

Answer 6

Chlamydia Trachomatis

Question 7

What organism causes gonorrhoea?

Answer 7

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Question 8

What organism causes syphlilis?

Answer 8

Treponema Pallidum

Question 9

What organism causes trichomoniasis?

Answer 9

Trichomonas Vaginalis

Question 10

What are some common causes of genital skin and mucous membrane lesions?

Answer 10

Genital ulcersVesicle of BullaeGenital papulesAnogenital warts

Question 11

Describe genital ulcers

Answer 11

Sores found in the genital area

• not always a sign of an STI (SLE)
• Due to herpes simplex, syphillus, chlamydia trachomatis

Question 12

What are Vesicles of Bullae due to?

Answer 12

Herpes Simplex Virus

Question 13

Describe urethritis

Answer 13

Causes discharge, dysuria and frequency
Inflammation of the urethra
Treatment is based on cause and patients should be educated in correct perineal hygiene

Question 14

What are the main types of urethritis?

Answer 14

Gonococcal urethritis – usually have purulent discharge in men
Chlamydial urethritis – more likely to have clear discharge in men
Non-specific urethritisPost-gonococcal urethritisNon-infectious urethritis

Question 15

What is vulvo-vaginitis and what are the common causes?

Answer 15

Inflammation of the vagina
Due to:
Candidiasis
Trichomoniasis
Staphylococcal
Foreign Body
HSV

Question 16

What is Cervicitis and what are the common causes?

Answer 16

Inflammation of the cervix
Due to:
Chlamydia trachomatis
Neisseria gonorrhoea
HSV
HPV

Question 17

What is Bacterial Vaginosis?

Answer 17

Common cause of bacterial discharge, irritation, soreness and odour

Question 18

How is bacterial vaginosis diagnosed?

Answer 18

Based on a pH lower than 4.5 A pungent odour with KOH whiff test Presence of clue cells on a wet mount lacking many PNMs

Question 19

What is the cause of bacterial vaginosis?

Answer 19

Gardnerella Vaginalis

Question 20

Describe Bartholinitis

Answer 20

Polymicrobial infections due to endogenous flora and sometime STIs. Inflammation due to infection of Bartholin Gland

Question 21

Give two classes of infections of the female pelvis

Answer 21

Pregnancy-related

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Question 22

Give some pregnancy-related infections

Answer 22

Chorioamnionitis
Post-partum endometriosis
Epiostomy infections
Puerpal ovarian vein thrombophlebitis
Osteomyelitis pubis

Question 23

Describe pelvic inflammatory disease

Answer 23

The result of infections ascending from the endocervix causing: endometriosis
salpingitis
parametritis
oophoritis
tubo-ovarian abscess 
pelvic peritonitis

Question 24

Describe endometriosis

Answer 24

Cells from the endometrium appear and flourish outisde of the uterine cavity. Usually on the peritoneum

Question 25

Describe salpingitis

Answer 25

Inflammation and infection of the fallopian tubes

Question 26

Describe parametritis

Answer 26

Inflammation of parametric tissues -- connective tissues adjacent to the uterus

Question 27

Describe oophoritis

Answer 27

Inflammation of the ovaries

Question 28

Describe tubo-ovarian abscesses

Answer 28

Abscess found anywhere between the ovary and the fallopian tubes

Question 29

How would you treat pelvic inflammatory disease

Answer 29

Antibiotics Watch urine output Monitor temperature for fevers

Question 30

What are the symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease?

Answer 30

pelvic pain tender uterus under palpation cervical motion tenderness

Question 31

When is the highest incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease?

Answer 31

Between 20 and 24

Question 32

Describe prostatitis

Answer 32

Inflammation of the prostate- Chronic prostatitis is more common that acute prostatitis

Question 33

Give some causes of prostatitis

Answer 33

Gram negative bacteria-- e coli, enterobacter, pseudomonasSTI -- neisseria gonorrhoaea, chlamydia trachomatis

Question 34

Describe epididymitis

Answer 34

Inflammation of epididymisCan be non-specific bacterial epididymitis or sexually transmitted epididymitis

Question 35

Describe orchitis

Answer 35

Inflammation of the testesCan have a viral cause (mumps, coxsackie B)Pyogenic bacterial orchitis

Question 36

What is the recent trend for the incidence of sexually transmitted infections?

Answer 36

There as been a gradual, sustained increase in the number of diagnosed STIs since 1995.