H&D HIV/AIDS

Question 1

Transmission of HIV/AIDS

Answer 1

Unprotected sex with infected [Abstinence]
Sharing of infected needles [No drugs, sterilize needles]
Tainted blood transfusions [Ensure blood safe]
Babies born to HIV-infected women [Ensure careful delivery]

Question 2

Extent/Pattern of spread

Answer 2

Expansion & Relocation diffusion
- Spread outwards from its source to new areas
Spread from Africa to NA & EU in 70s

Question 3

Vulnerable groups

Answer 3

People who take part in risk-taking behaviour, vice trades
Babies from infected mothers
Females ->polygamy or rape

Question 4

Social factors contributing to spread of HIV/AIDS

SELL

Answer 4

SELL
1. Social stigma
- Prejudice, not allowed access to healthcare
- Remain silent/ dont want test
- Continue w life, infect more

2. Education (lack of)
   - lack of sex-ed, Nigeria, discussion of sex is inappropriate
   - Unaware of transmission
3. Lifestyle choices
   - Drugs, alcohol, unsafe sex
   - Choosing promiscuous lifestyle
4. Lapses in medical practice
   USA 130k people exposed to HIV from contaminated containers/syringes
   - Equipment not sterilized, lapses in medical screening
   - Negligence, mistakes corruption

Question 5

Economic factors contributing to spread of HIV/AIDS

VM

Answer 5

VM
1. Vice trades
- Illegal drugs/sex work
- Women in China, no skill/education engage in sex work, vulnerable to HIV

2. Mobility
   - Men travel for work, social isolated, commercial sex
   2010, Australians go Papua New Guinea. infected with highest recorded cases

Question 6

Social impacts of HIV/AIDS

LIMO

Answer 6

1. Life expectancy & IMR
   - Decreases, 6 years lower on average in HIV prone areas
   - Large number of deaths in Kenya, Uganda, Botswana
2. Orphan Crisis
   - 1/2 mil Kenyan orphans, lose parents to HIV/AIDS no relatives or help
   - Deep in debt, vulnerable to forced labour, child soldiers, sex industry
   - Suffer from emotional trauma of losing parents, also assumed by others to be infected
   - No access to basic necessities, clothing food etc.
   - Low standard of living, malnutrition

Question 7

Economic impacts of HIV/AIDS

Answer 7

1. Cost of healthcare
   - $69-900 a year in LDCs, $ 160-1200 per month in SG
   - Very ex, South Africa spent US1.2bill on AIDS healthcare 2010
   - Govt diverts valuable resources
2. Loss of productivity
   Uganda, economic growth slows by 1.2% /year
   - More money funneled into healthcare, less money available to grow to other sectors, eg. transport, education
   - Less foreign investment -> shortage of skilled labour

Question 8

What are the 5 challenges in managing spread of HIV/AIDS

PSDLC

Answer 8

PSDLC

1. Population movement across borders & highways
   - AIDS (Kinsaha) Highway betw. Uganda & Kenya long hours away from families -> commercial sex
2. Social stigma
   - People discriminated against, (healthcare, families society)
   - Remain silent, refuse to test, continue spreading
3. Difficulty in detection
   - No visible symptoms as virus remains dormant,
   - Difficulty in obtaining testing
   : Congo women unaware of their status before testing
4. Lifestyle choices
   - Sexually active at young age
   - Many partners, using drugs, vice trades
   - Deeply rooted traditions, Kenyan & Zambians practice polygamy
   - Inaccurate myths of HIV, take no measures due to misconceptions
5. Cost of antiretroviral therapy
   - Expensive, deter people from seeking treatment
   - Long waiting queues in Botswana, People stop visiting