Tourism Flashcards
(30 cards)
What is honeypot tourism? (places of scenic beauty)
- Awe-inspiring scenery,
- eg. Mountains, rivers, valleys, waterfalls, national parks etc. (Describe photo)
- (Attracts large number of tourists) to admire scenery, mountaineering, hiking, cycling
- Wildlife sites Kenya, allow tourists to see animals upclose
- Overcrowded during peak seasons, many tourist accommodation developed
- Eg. Grand Canyon National Park, USA
What is heritage tourism? (Places with rich culture)
- Places of history and events (museums, festivals)
- Unique colour, material, style, features etc. (clay, wood, Victorian, oriental, signboards, motifs, well-preserved)
- International tourists can UNDERSTAND, LEARN CULTURE/HISTORY
- Domestic tourists can reinforce their SENSE OF BELONGING, learn their own culture/history
- Eg. Machu Picchu, Peru (Inca Civ. Andes Mt.)
What is Film-induced tourism? (Places of rich culture)
- Locations featured in films which promote their culture
- Allows tourists to understand how certain scenes in the film were shot
- Allows tourists to understand how these places inspired parts of the film
- Eg. Avatar, Zhangjiajie National Park, Hunan, China
What is pilgrimage tourism? (Places of rich culture)
- Places for religious activities, travel to sacred/religious sites
- For people to take part in religious activities
- Eg. Hajj, annual pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia; Muslims
What are MICE facilities? (Tourism, places with good facilities)
- Stands for Meetings, Incentives, Conventions, Events
- Places that offer opportunities to hold large-scale events to attract tourists
- Supporting infrastructure eg. airports, hotels, transport, retail
- Take part in meetings/conventions overseas
- eg. Singapore hosting Youth Olympic Games in 2010
What is medical tourism? (Places with good facilities)
- Places with good opportunities for medical care and treatment (may not be available at home)
- Avoid long waiting periods & high costs
- Seek better quality treatment procedures compared to home country
- eg. Cosmetic surgery in South Korea, highly skilled surgeons + advanced tech)
What are amusement parks? (Places with good facilities)
- Large scale enterprises with international chains
- Cater both to young & old
- Walt Disney Company with theme parks around the world eg. Florida, Tokyo, China, Hong Kong etc.
What is dark tourism? (Places of conflict)
- Places associated with WAR, TRAGEDY, CONFLICT and DEATH (Battlefields, war memorials, ruins of natural disaster)
- Learn more about the HISTORY and WIDEN KNOWLEDGE of world history
- eg. Ruins of Pompeii, Italy, Auschwitz, Poland, Ground Zero, New York
What are the different types of Tourism?
Places of scenic beauty
- Honeypot tourism
Places of rich culture
- Heritage tourism
- Film-induced tourism
- Pilgrimage tourism
Places with good facilities
- MICE facilities
- Medical tourism
- Amusement parks
Places of conflict
- Dark tourism
What are the natural and human factors affecting tourism?
Natural
- Landscape (Scenic beauty attracts tourists eg. Grand Canyon)
- Weather/Climate (Harsh environment discourages tourists eg. Sahara Desert)
Human
- Cost (Cheaper destinations are more attractive)
- Effective Marketing (Attracts more tourists VS bad reputation; few tourists)
- Infrastructure Quality (Excellent infrastructure attracts tourists: poor infrastructure; few tourists)
What is the role of Govt in tourism?
- Influence no. of visitors & length of stay
- Authorise air landings
- Plan building of infrastructure, Allow building of facilities & attractions (Hotels, transport, roads)
- Ensure safety of tourist sites
- Set up agencies that devise strategies to promotes tourism
- Eg. STB, promotes SG’s tourism, develops industry, create tourist business investment opportunities, encourage development of new attractions
What is the role of Media in tourism?
- INFLUENCES DECISIONS of tourists through reports (TV, newspapers, websites, blogs)
- Travel writers give their opinions and review destinations, accommodation, transport, food to readers
- Can lead to more tourists after reviewing friendly locals, interesting culture, beautiful scenery, MORE awareness for OBSCURE places
- Can lead to less tourists because of more reports of disease, natural disasters, violence
What is the role of International Organisations in tourism?
The World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO)
- Works with govts & privates organisations to promote SUSTAINABLE tourism development, encourages countries to use tourism to reduce poverty & create JOBS
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
- Work with govts and UNWTO to promote tourism as a tool for NATIONAL GROWTH and JOB creation
World Health Organisation
- Influences global behaviour, gives updates and health advisories on outbreaks
- Discourages people travelling to at-risk/affected countries
- H5N1 avian influenza 2003-2013
- Travel advisories discourage travelling to affected areas
What is mass tourism? (package holiday)
- Travel that involves a large number of tourists that visit a particular place together
- Eg. Package holiday
- Consist of tour arranged by travel agents
- Transport, meals & accommodation provided
- Services of guides that speak the local language and have a great understanding of the place
What is niche tourism? (Ecotourism)
- Special-interest tourism based on a particular area, interest or activity by independent travelers/combined with package tours
- Appeals to tourists who seek new destinations, activities, experiences (eg. whale-watching, whitewater rafting, bungee jumping etc.)
ECOTOURISM
- Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves environment and improves well-being of local people (eg. national parks, nature reserves)
PURPOSE OF ECOTOURISM
- Minimise impact on environment
- Appreciate nature and biodiversity
- Build environmental and cultural respect
- Provide positive experiences for tourists and locals
- Provide conservation funds
- Financial benefits and empowerment for locals
- Raise sensitivity to host country’s Political, Environmental & Social climate
- eg. Waitomo Caves in New Zealand, managed by govt along with local Maori to minimise human impact on internal environment
- Tour operations are closely monitored and halted if CO2 level reaches 2400 ppm (parts per million) as it becomes corrosive to caves
- Maori benefitted from income from entrance fees as well as employment as cave staff
How does Development in Technology lead to growth in tourism?
BETTER AND AFFORDABLE TRANSPORT
- Shorter travel time and lower travel costs
- Commercial air travel very popular due to technological advancements in jet aircraft since 1950s
- BUDGET AIRLINES, More affordable than commercial airlines due to small and fuel-efficient aircraft, (flying short-haul distances & online-only ticket bookings)
- Enables more people to travel internationally & more frequently & further away
- Travel to places not covered by major airlines
EASE OF ACCESS TO INFORMATION
- Online booking & research, finding out more about their destinations
- More options & control
- Access of info on destination’s attractions, etiquette to observe and train timetables
- View feedback from other tourists
- Surveillance, electronic checks and other safety control research
- Makes tourists feel safer, more confident about travelling
What demand factors lead to growth of tourism?
DISPOSABLE INCOME (amt of income left after taxes)
- Growth of income allows people to spend more on goods, services and activities, travel more often
- Rapid Economic Growth causes increase in disposable income, more people in higher classes
LEISURE TIME
- More workers enjoy shorter working weeks, getting more holidays & paid annual leave
- Increase in leisure time to travel overseas
CHANGING LIFESTYLE
- Pace of life is much faster, more people spend long hours working and feel stressed
- Travelling has become a way for people to relax and take a break
- Advancements in medical technology & knowledge, people live longer lives, more retirees can travel
What destination factors lead to growth of tourism?
- ATTRACTIONS
- Natural or man-made attractions that are promoted and enhanced by the tourism industry, enhanced by tourism industry, attracting tourists to visit
- eg. Dubai UAE, has MICE facilities, luxury world=class hotels, large-scale architectural and engineering projects - INVESTMENTS IN INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES
- Development of infrastructure (eg. airports, railways, roads)
- Sufficient number of hotels must be built to accommodate growing tourist numbers
- Provision of services for tourist sites such as food outlets, entertainment facilities and telecommunication links such as free Wi-Fi in hotels
- Trained personnel for tourist sites such as hotel managers, guides
- Formal training for people who wish to tourism industry (Diploma, Tertiary courses)
- eg. Changi Airport T4/5 expansion to increase capacity for growing tourist numbers - ACCESS TO INFORMATION
- Tourists more likely to visit a destination when travel-related information such as transport routes, schedules, weather conditions, and accommodation easily obtained
- Signs are displayed in multiple languages help provide security and comfort to visitors who do not speak the local language and require interpretation
- Local tour guides and travel agents trained to answer questions and meet needs of tourists
Economic impacts (benefits) of global tourism? Pamilican Island, Philippines, Beijing 2008 Olympics
- EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
- Increase in tourism related jobs, (hotels, tour agencies) + indirect (taxi drivers, shop owners)
- Job opportunities for locals, increasing their income + standard of living - GROWTH IN INCOME
- Locals + tour companies get more revenue
- Increased revenue for entire country through taxes
[Pamilacan Island, Philippines]
- Local tour companies hire fishermen take tourists on boats to see whale sharks & dolphins
- Paid $80-100 USD per boat
- Added income on top of fishing, improving standard of living
- DEVELOPMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE & FACILITIES
- Construction of transport & communication networks
- Better access to attractions for tourists
- Better access to healthcare, markets, jobs, education for locals
- Local materials used to build, promoting local industry + economic growth
[Athens 2004+Beijing 2008 Olympics]
Expanded underground rail networks to move amount of visitors
Sports venues built, continue to benefit people after events end
Economic impacts (drawbacks) of global tourism?
- SEASONAL UNEMPLOYMENT
- Tourist activities that depend on climactic conditions
- People in those jobs have to find other sources of income as they are temporarily unavailable
[Sapporo, Japan]
Skiing & Snowboarding during winter season
- Mountain ski resort operators are unemployed in the summer, unstable income
- UNDERUSE OF FACILITIES
- Facilities made for certain events may be underused after
- They are costly to maintain & eventually neglected
[Beijing 2008 Olympics]
Venues were deteriorating & neglected
Beijing Sports University Report 2011, only 1/3 of sports facilities managed to break even - SHORTAGE OF SERVICES
- Tourist infrastructure requires huge amounts of:
Water & land -> golf courses (drinking water for nearby residents diverted)
Electricity -> Power tourist facilities
Socio-cultural impacts (benefits) of global tourism
PRESERVATION OF LOCAL CUSTOMS & HERITAGE
- Preserves local culture & heritage
- Historical & cultural sites more attractive to tourists
- Benefit local pop. by enhancing sense of history & belonging
[Great Pyramids of Giza, Egypt]
- Revenue from entry fees fund preservation & restoration of historical site
Socio-cultural impacts (drawbacks) of global tourism
- DILUTION OF CUSTOMS & HERITAGE
- Identity, culture & values lost when tourists becomes a major activity
- May force locals to relocate activities to other places
- Cultural festivals & religious rituals modified for tourists
[Kayan Lahwi women, Thailand]
- Tourists pay a hefty fee and aggressively take photos of the women without permission, treating them like exhibits - INCREASED CRIMERATE
- High crime rate in popular tourist sites
- Pickpockets, mugging
- Tourists get cheated & scammed
“Tourist traps” sell goods, services, info at inflated prices
+ve Environmental impacts of tourism
CONSERVATION OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS
- Revenue generated funds conservation of national environments,
(eg. coral reefs, rainforests, mountainous areas)
[Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre in Sabah, Malaysia]
- Relies on visitor entrances fees to pay staff
- They nurse orangutans that are orphaned, injured or abused
-ve Environmental impacts of tourism
- VANDALISM (of cultural/historical sites)
[Great Wall of China]
Bricks covered in graffiti & scratch marks from tourists - LITTERING & POLLUTION
- Failure to implement proper waste management, areas polluted by tourists
- Irresponsible tourists dump trash overboard ships, polluting it
[The Caribbean}
- Small countries with limited land space for waste, waste is dumped into sea - DESTRUCTION OF HABITATS
- Overwhelming number if visitors destroy wildlife, trample plants, noise pollution
[Egypt’s Red Sea coast]
- Major diving & snorkeling destination
- Coral & fish habitats damaged due to pollution & overcollection of corals - CARBON FOOTPRINT
- Planes, buses, hotel electricity consumption require energy mainly from fossil fuels
- Increased emissions, increased carbon footprint, global warming - INCREASED CONGESTION
- Overcrowding, leads to vehicular & pedestrian congestion
[Rome, Italy]
- Older walkways & narrow streets overcrowded with tourists
- Adds to local traffic, huge inflow of cars & buses, air pollution
