H5 The lesioned and stimulated brain

Question 1

noninvasive brain stimulation

Answer 1

NIBS = variety of methods that stimulate the brain noninvasively including by magnetic, electrical & ultrasound methods

Question 2

transcranial magnetic stimulation

Answer 2

TMS → noninvasives stimulation caused by magnetic induction from rapidly changing electrical current in a coil held over the scalp

Question 3

transcranial electrical stimulation

Answer 3

tES = noninvasive stimulation caused by passing weak electrical current through, either direct of alternating currents → creates “virtual/temporary” lesion

Question 4

split-brain

Answer 4

surgical procedure in which fibers of corpus callosum are severed

Question 5

strokes

Answer 5

disruption in blood supply to the brain = CVA

Question 6

CVA

Answer 6

cerebrovascular accident

Question 7

aneurysm

Answer 7

over-elastic region of an artery that is prone to rupture

Question 8

hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 8

Stroke caused by rupture of a blood vessel

Question 9

ischemic stroke

Answer 9

caused by a blood clot interrupting blood flow

Question 10

embolism

Answer 10

blood vessel getting blocked because of a fatty clot getting pushed from a large vessel into a smaller one

Question 11

thrombosis

Answer 11

blood vessel getting blocked because of a stationary clot becoming large enough to block the vessel

Question 12

open head injury

Answer 12

often more localized injuries

Question 13

closed head injury

Answer 13

often more widespread effects as the brain ricochets in the skull

Question 14

metatastic tumor

Answer 14

tumor in the brain spread from other parts of the body

Question 15

meningioma

Answer 15

brain tumor formed from supporting cells; meninges

Question 16

glioma

Answer 16

brain tumor formed from supporting cells; glia

Question 17

HSE

Answer 17

herpes simplex encephalitis → viral infection that targets specific cells in the brain

Question 18

HIV

Answer 18

human immunodeficiency virus → viral infection that targets specific cells in the brain

Question 19

CJD

Answer 19

Creutzefeldt-Jakob disease → viral infection that targets specific cells in the brain

Question 20

neurodegenerative disorders

Answer 20

-dementia of the Alzheimer type
- Parkinson’s
- Huntington’s
- Pick’s (semantic dementia)
- multi-infarct dementia (many small strokes)

Question 21

single dissociation

Answer 21

situation in which a patient is impaired on task A but relatively spared on task B

Question 22

task-source artifact

Answer 22

if 2 tasks share = neural resource but 1 task uses it more → damage to this resource will damage 1 task more than the other
→explanation 1 for single dissociation

Question 23

task-demand artifact

Answer 23

1 task = performed worse than the other ‘cause the task is performed suboptimally
→ explanation 2 for single dissociation

Question 24

double dissociation

Answer 24

2 single dissociations that have complementary profile of abilities

Question 25

dysgraphia

Answer 25

difficulties in spelling & writing

Question 26

classical single dissociation

Answer 26

when patient performs entirely normal on task B compared to control group

Question 27

strong single dissociation

Answer 27

when patient is impaired on both tasks but significantly more impaired on one

Question 28

syndrome

Answer 28

a cluster of different symptoms that are believed to be related in some meaningful way

Question 29

the fractionation assumption

Answer 29

assumption that damage to the brain can produce selective cognitive lesions

Question 30

the transparancy assumption

Answer 30

assumption that lesions affect one or more components within the preexisting cognitive system but do not result in a completely new cognitive system being created

Question 31

the universality assumption

Answer 31

assumption that all cognitive systems are basically identical

Question 32

edema

Answer 32

swelling of the brain following injury

Question 33

diaschisis

Answer 33

discrete brain lesion that disrupts the functioning of distant brain regions that are structurally intact

Question 34

behavioral neuroscience

Answer 34

cognitive neuroscience in non-human animals

Question 35

aspiration

Answer 35

one of earliest methods of lesioning using a suction device and applying strong current at the end of an electrode tip to seal the wound (in non-humans)

Question 36

transection

Answer 36

cutting of discrete white matter bundles (in non-humans)

Question 37

neurochemical lesions

Answer 37

using certain toxins to kill specifics cells (in non-humans)

Question 38

reversible "lesions"

Answer 38

pharmacological manipulations that produce temporary functional lesions (in non-humans)

Question 39

transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)

Answer 39

vorm van tES → noninvasive stimulation caused by passing a weak electrical direct current through the brain

Question 40

transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS)

Answer 40

vorm van tES →noninvasive stimulation caused by passing a weak electrical alternating current through the brain; the frequency of alterations can interact with the brain's own rhythmical activity

Question 41

transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS)

Answer 41

vorm van tES →noninvasive stimulation caused by passing a weak electrical current through the brain which fluctuates in direction and amplitude