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KC'S CLASS > HA HEART AND NECK VESSELS > Flashcards

HA HEART AND NECK VESSELS Flashcards

1
Q

is highly complex, consisting of the heart and a closed
system of blood vessels.

A

cardiovascular system

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2
Q

To collect accurate data and correctly interpret it

A

the
examiner must have an understanding of the structure and function of the
- heart,
- the great vessels,
- the electrical conduction system of the heart,
- the cardiac cycle,
- the production of heart sounds,
- cardiac output (CO)
-the neck vessels.

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3
Q

is a hollow, muscular, four-chambered (left and right atria, and left and
right ventricles) organ located in the middle of the thoracic cavity between the lungs
in the space called the mediastinum.

A

Heart

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4
Q

in the middle of the thoracic cavity between the lungs
in the space called

A

mediastinum.

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5
Q

Size of the Heart

A

-size of a clenched fist -255 g (9 oz) in women -310 g (10.9 oz) in men.

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6
Q

The heart extends
vertically from

A

the left second to the left fifth intercostal space (ICS)

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7
Q

The heart extends
horizontally from

A

the right edge of the sternum to the left midclavicular line (MCL).

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8
Q

The heart can be described as

A

inverted cone

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9
Q

Base

A

The upper portion, near the left second ICS

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10
Q

Apex

A

the lower portion, near the left fifth ICS and the left MCL,

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11
Q

The anterior chest area that overlies the heart and great vessels is called the

A

precordium

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12
Q

pumps blood to the lungs for
gas exchange (pulmonary circulation) by removing CO2 from blood and
replenishing oxygen supply. It occurs between alveoli and the blood of lungs

A

The right side of the heart

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13
Q

pumps blood to all other parts of the body (systemic circulation).

A

; the left side of the heart

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14
Q

The large veins and arteries leading directly to and away from the heart are referred to as the

A

great vessels

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15
Q

return blood to
the right atrium from the upper and lower torsos, respectively.

A

The superior and inferior vena cava

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16
Q

exits the right ventricle, bifurcates, and carries blood to the lungs.

A

pulmonary
artery

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17
Q

return oxygenated blood to the left atrium.

A

pulmonary veins (two from each lung)

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18
Q

transports oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body

A

aorta

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19
Q

The heart consists of four chambers, or cavities:

A

two upper chambers
-the right and
left atria,
two lower chambers,
-the right and left ventricles.

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20
Q

The right and left
sides of the heart are separated by a partition called

A

septum

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21
Q

receive blood returning to the heart and pump blood into the ventricles.

A

The thin-walled
atria

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22
Q

pump blood out of the heart.

A

The
thicker-walled ventricles

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23
Q

true/false
The left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle

A

True

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24
Q

which side of the heart has greaer workload

A

left sideof the heart

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25
Q

are located at the entrance to the ventricles.

A

atrioventricular (AV) valves

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26
Q

There are two AV valves:

A

-the tricuspid
valve
-the bicuspid (mitral) valve.

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27
Q

is composed of three
cusps, or flaps, and is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle

A

tricuspid valve

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28
Q

is composed of two cusps and is located between the left
atrium and the left ventricle.

A

the
bicuspid (mitral) valve

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29
Q

called chordae tendineae, anchor the
AV valve flaps to papillary muscles within the ventricles.

A

Collagen fibers

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30
Q

are located at the exit of each ventricle at the beginning of the great vessels.

A

semilunar valves

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31
Q

Each valve has three cusps that look
like half-moons, hence the name “semilunar.”

A
32
Q

There are two semilunar valves:

A

-pulmonic valve
-aortic valve

33
Q

is located at the entrance of the pulmonary artery as it exits the right
ventricle

A

pulmonic valve

34
Q

is located at the beginning of the ascending aorta as it
exits the left ventricle.

A

aortic valve

35
Q

These valves are open during ventricular contraction and
close from the pressure of blood when the ventricles relax.

A

Aortic valve
Pulmonary valve

36
Q

is a tough, inextensible, loose-fitting, fibroserous sac that attaches
to the great vessels and surrounds the heart.

A

pericardium

37
Q

A serous membrane lining, secretes a small amount of pericardial fluid that allows for smooth, friction-free movement of the heart.

A

parietal pericardium

38
Q

serous membrane covers the outer surface of the heart and is known as the

A

epicardium

39
Q

is the thickest layer of the heart, made up of contractile cardiac muscle cells.

A

myocardium

40
Q

is a thin layer of endothelial tissue that forms the innermost layer of the heart and is continuous with the endothelial lining of blood vessels

A

endocardium

41
Q

They can spontaneously
generate an electrical impulse and conduct it through the heart.

A

cardiac muscle cells

42
Q

The generation and
conduction of electrical impulses by specialized sections of the myocardium
regulate the events associated with the filling and emptying of the cardiac chambers.
The process is called the

A

cardiac cycle

43
Q

(or sinus node) is located on the posterior wall of the right
atrium near the junction of the superior and inferior vena cava.

A

sinoatrial (SA( node

44
Q

functions as the “pacemaker of the
heart,”

A

SA node

45
Q

(with an inherent discharge of 40–60/min), if the SA node cannot
function

A

Bundle of His

46
Q

which records the depolarization and repolarization of the
cardiac muscle.

A

electrocardiography

47
Q

refers to the filling and emptying of the heart’s chambers.

A

cardiac cycle

48
Q

The cardiac cycle has two phases:

A

-diastole
-systole

49
Q

(relaxation of the ventricles, known as filling)

A

diastole

50
Q

(contraction of the ventricles, known as emptying)

A

systole

51
Q

This early, rapid, passive filling is called

A

early or protodiastolic filling.

52
Q

This final active filling phase is called

A

presystole, atrial systole, or sometimes the
atrial kick.

53
Q

are produced by valve closure, as just described.

A

Heart sounds

54
Q

true/false
the valve closure is silent

A

false, the opening of valves is silent

55
Q

true/false
Normal heart sounds, characterized as “lub-dub” (S1 and S4)

A

False, S2

56
Q

may be seen with weak
heart muscles, an attempt by the heart to
increase CO.

A

Tachycardia

57
Q

may occur with an
abnormality of the heart’s conduction
system (arrhythmias) or during the
heart’s attempt to increase CO by
increasing the HR.

A

Palpitations

58
Q

may result from compromised
CO.

A

Fatigue

59
Q

may result from congestive
heart failure, pulmonary disorders,
coronary artery disease, myocardial
ischemia, and myocardial infarction

A

dyspnea

60
Q

is the need to sit
more upright to breathe easily due to fluid
accumulation in the lungs.

A

orthopnea

61
Q

Waking up
from dyspnea during the night, ) is seen
with heart failure due to redistribution of
fluid from the ankles to the lungs when
one lies down at night. The failing heart
cannot accommodate the increased load.

A

(paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea)

62
Q

may indicate decreased blood flow to the brain due to myocardial
damage.

A

Dizziness

63
Q

The phases of the ECG

A

P, Q, R, S, and T

64
Q

The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs for gas exchange. this is what we called

A

Pulmonary Circulation

65
Q

The left side of the heart pumps blood to all other parts of the body. this is what we called

A

Systematic Circulation

66
Q

The large veins and arteries leading directly to and away from the heart are referred to as the

A

Great Vessels

67
Q

Circulation of Blood Through the Heart

A

Superior and Inferior Vena Cava -Right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonary valve - pulmonary artery - lungs - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta - rest of the body.

68
Q

electrical impulses, which are generated by the SA node and travel throughout the cardiac conduction circuit , can be detected on the surface of the skin.

A

Electrical Activity

69
Q

Neck Vessels include —— and ——-

A

Carotid Artery and Jugular Veins

70
Q

reflect rise in arterial pressure that occurs with atrial contraction.

A

a wave

71
Q

reflects right atrial relaxation and descent of the atrial floor during ventricular systole.

A

x descent

72
Q

reflects right atrial filling. Increased volume, and increased atrial pressure.

A

v wave

73
Q

reflects right atrial emptyinginto the right ventricle and decreased atrial pressure

A

y descent

74
Q

Assessment Technique for Neck

A

Inspect
Auscultate
Palpate

75
Q

Assessment Technique for Heart

A

Inspect
Palpate
Auscultate

KC'S CLASS (18 decks)

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