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KC'S CLASS > HA DIAGNOSTIC TESTING > Flashcards

HA DIAGNOSTIC TESTING Flashcards

1
Q

What are the nurse’s responsibilities

A
  1. Prepare patient mentally, explain procedure
  2. Collaborate with laboratory personnel in
    proper collection and
    transport of samples.
  3. Proper labeling and
    documentation.
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2
Q

2 types of diagnostic testing

A

Invasive
Non-Invasive

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3
Q

accessing the body’s tissue, organ, or cavity through
some type of instrumentation procedure.

A

Invasive

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4
Q

E.g. Most of Laboratory Exams, Biopsy (Excisional and Incisional),
lumbar puncture

A

Invasive

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5
Q

body is not entered with any type of instrument

A

Non-Invasive

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6
Q

E.g. EEG, ECG, Stress Test, Holter ECG (24 hrs), Chest X-ray, Sputum
exam, Urine and Stool examinations

A

Non-Invasive

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6
Q

Phases of Diagnostic Testing

A

-Pretest Phase
-Intra-Test Phase
-Post-Test Phase

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7
Q

client preparation.

A

Pretest Phase

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8
Q

specimen collection, standard
precautions and aseptic technique in collection of samples.

A

Intra-Test Phase

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9
Q

nursing care of the client and follow- up activities and observation. (comparison of
previous and current test results and modifies nursing interventions as needed)

A

Post-Test Phase

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10
Q

How do doctors reach a diagnosis?

A

-Initial DIagnostic Assessment
-Differential Diagnosis, and Ordering of Diagnostic Tests.
-Referral, COnsultation, Treatment & Follow-Up

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11
Q

PREPARING FOR THE DIAGNOSTIC TESTING Assessment

A
  1. Verify patient identification.
  2. Check medical history (current medications, herbal supplements, allergies
    and hypersensitivities, recorded findings of previous diagnostic tests relative
    to the procedure.
  3. Assess for presence, location, and characteristics of physical and
    communicative limitations or preexisting conditions.
  4. Monitor the client’s knowledge of why the test is being performed.
  5. Obtain vital to establish baseline data.
  6. Monitor level of hydration and weakness for clients who are NPO
    (nothing by mouth), especially geriatric and pediatric populations.
  7. Check general patient condition, preparedness for the test, anxiety level.
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12
Q

PREPARING FOR THE DIAGNOSTIC TESTING
Client Teaching : (IMPORTANT- INFORMED CONSENT)

A
  1. Explain reason for test and what to expect, how long it will take.
  2. RESTRICTIONS (activities, food, etc.)
  3. What is the specimen to be collected? Give proper instruction on collection.
    a. Sputum: cough deeply, do not clear throat.
    b. Urine: voided, clean-catch specimen, time to collect.
    c. Blood: What food were taken, fasting?
  4. No objects (jewelry or hair clips) to obscure x-ray film.
  5. If dyes are to be ingested or injected, explain.
    E.g. Barium: taste, consistency, aftereffects (stools lightly colored for 24–
    72 hours, can cause obstruction or impaction).
    Glucose drink for PPBS
  6. Post test instructions.
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13
Q

PREPARING THE CLIENT FOR DIAGNOSTIC TESTING
Documentation

A

Record the following:
1. Who performed the procedure.
2. Reason for the procedure.
3. Type of anesthesia, dye, or other medications administered.
4. Type of specimen obtained and where it was delivered.
5. Vital signs and other assessment data, such as client’s tolerance of
the procedure or pain and discomfort level.
6. Any symptoms of complications.
7. Who transported the client to another area (designate the names of
persons who provided transport and place of destination).

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14
Q

Patient and Clinical factors
that can affect test results:

A
  • Time of day
  • Fasting
  • Postprandial
  • Supine, upright position
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Climate
  • Effects of drugs
  • Effects of diet
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15
Q

DIFFERENT SAMPLES
FOR DIAGNOSTIC
TESTING

A

Blood
Semen
Urine
Gastric lavage
Stool
Swabs
Sputum
Secretions
Tissue biopsy
CSF

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16
Q

BLOOD

is the liquid, cell-free part of blood, that has been treated with anti-coagulant.

A

Plasma

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17
Q

BLOOD

is the liquid part of blood after coagulation, therefore devoid of clotting factors as fibrinogen.

A

Serum

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18
Q

ORDER OF DRAW

yellow

A

Blood Cultures - SPS

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19
Q

ORDER OF DRAW

Light Blue

A

Citrate Tube

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20
Q

ORDER OF DRAW

Gold and TIger

A

Serum Separator Tubes

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21
Q

ORDER OF DRAW

Red

A

Serum Tube

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22
Q

ORER OF DRAW

Orange

A

Rapid Serum Tube

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23
Q

ORDER OF DRAW

Green na tiger

A

Plasma Separator Tube

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24
Q

ORDER OF DRAW

Green

A

Heparin Tube

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25
Q

ORDER OF DRAW

Lavender

A

EDTA Tube

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26
Q

ORDER OF DRAW

Pearl/White

A

PPT Separator Tube

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27
Q

ORDER OF DRAW

Gray

A

Fluoride Tube

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28
Q

Blood

A

o CBC
o Arterial Blood Gas
o Glucose determination
o Blood chemistry
o Culture/CS
o Immuno-serology
o Blood transfusion

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29
Q

BLODD

The CBC

A

OBTAINED: Capillary prick, Venipuncture, Arterial sampling.

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30
Q

BLOOD

information about the types and numbers of cells in the blood.

A

CBC

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31
Q

BLOOD

Purpose of CBC

A
  1. Preoperative - determine oxygen carrying capacity of the blood and hemostasis
  2. Infection - ANEMIA and monitor progress of treatment
  3. Chronic Illness or blood disorders
  4. Monitor effects of CHEMOTHERAPHY
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32
Q

BLOOD

Different Types of White Blood Cells

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
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33
Q

TYPE OF WHITE BLOOD CELL

first to respond to bateria or a virus

A

Neutrophils

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34
Q

TYPE OF WHITE BLOOD CELL

Known for their role in allergy symptoms

A

Eosinophils

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35
Q

TYPE OF WHITE BLOOD CELL

Fight infections by producing antibodies

A

Lymphocytes

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36
Q

TYPE OF WHITE BLOOD CELL

Clean up dead cells

A

Monocytes

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37
Q

TYPE OF WHITE BLOOD CELL

Known for their role asthma

A

Basophils

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38
Q

BLOOD

Do you know how
many RBCs are
there in one drop of
blood?

A

250 M

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39
Q

BLOOD

The life cycle
of a normal
RBC is ___
days.

A

120

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40
Q

TRIVIA

A

The spleen
helps
remove old
RBCs.

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41
Q

BLOOD

TRIVIA

A

For CBC- use purple top (EDTA )
For babies, you may do capillary prick
(heel of toe);
Finger prick for Glucometer sample
Stress or Fear affects some hematology
values.

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42
Q

BLOOD

Avoid

A

AVOID:
> prolonged application
of tourniquet.
>IV site.(hemodiution)
>small gauge needle
(hemolysis).
>hematoma or bruises,
or open wound.
> Over or undersampling.
>use (Vacutainer)
less hassle
>take blood when
patient is sitting down
>Do not introduce air.
> Avoid contamination
or cross -
contamination

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43
Q

BLOOD

Drugs that may INCREASE RBC count:

A

Methyldopa, Gentamycin

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44
Q

BLOOD

Drugs that may DECREASE RBC count:

A

Quinidine, hydantoins, chloramphenicol,
chemotherapeutic drugs

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45
Q

BLOOD

Drugs that may increase hemoglobin:

A

Erythropoietin, iron supplements.

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46
Q

BLOOD

Drugs that may decrease hemoglobin:

A

Aspirin, antibiotics, sulfonamides,
trimethadione, anti-neoplastic drugs, indomethacin, doxapram, rifampin, and
primaquine.

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47
Q

BLOOD

is helpful in diagnosing and
assessing blood diseases,
nutritional deficiencies, and
hydration status.

A

HCT

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48
Q

BLOOD

LOW HEMOGLOBIN

A

: Nutritional deficiencies, blood loss,
renal problems, sickle cell anemia, bone
marrow suppression, leukemia, lead
poisoning, Hodgkin’s lymphoma

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49
Q

BLOOD

High HEMOGLOBIN

A

Dehydration, cigarette smoking,
polycythemia vera, tumors, erythropoietin
abuse, lung diseases.

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50
Q

BLOOD

Low Hematocrit

A

: Overhydration, nutritional deficiencies, blood
loss, bone marrow suppression, leukemia, lead
poisoning, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, chemotherapy
treatment, anemia, bone marrow disorder.

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51
Q

BLOOD

High Hematocrit

A

Dehydration, hypoxia, cigarette smoking,
polycythemia vera, tumors, erythropoietin abuse, lung
diseases, blood doping, erythrocytosis.

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52
Q

BLOOD

iron-deficiency anemia,
thalassemia

A

microcytic

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53
Q

BLOOD

Vit B1 or Folic acid deficiency,
hypothyroidism, alcoholism

A

Macrocytic

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54
Q

BLOOD

Drugs that may increase white blood cells:

A

Corticosteroids, heparin, betaadrenergic agonists, epinephrine, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor,
lithium.

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55
Q

BLOOD

Drugs that may decrease white blood cells:

A

Diuretics, chemotherapeutic
drugs, histamine-2 blockers, captopril, anticonvulsants, antibiotics,
antithyroid drugs, quinidine, chlorpromazine, terbinafine, clozapine,
sulfonamides, ticlopidine

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56
Q

BLOOD

Low WBC Count

A

Autoimmune disorders, bone marrow deficiencies, viral
diseases, liver problems, spleen problems, severe bacterial
infections, radiation therapy

57
Q

BLOOD

High WBC Count

A

Infections, cigarette smoking, leukemia, inflammatory
diseases, tissue damage, severe physical or mental stress

58
Q

BLOOD

Low Neutrophils

A

Side effects of chemotherapy, viral
infections, aplastic anemia, typhoid fever,
hypoglycemia

59
Q

BLOOD

High Neutrophils

A

Acute infections, Rheumatoid arthritis,
inflammation

60
Q

BLOOD

Low Lymphocytes

A

Severe Sepsis, HIV/AIDS,
Chemotherapy, RA, SLE

61
Q

BLOOD

High Lymphocytes

A

Chronic bacteria, tuberculosis,
Viral infection

62
Q

BLOOD

Low Monocytes

A

Chemotherapy, severe burn injury,
AIDS, Mycobacterium avium complex,
HPV, fungal infections

63
Q

BLOOD

High Monocytes

A

Chronic Inflammatory diseases,
tuberculosis, parasitic Infection, autoimmune disorders

64
Q

BLOOD

Low Eosionophils

A

Pregnancy, physiological stress,
steroid treatment

65
Q

BLOOD

High Eosinophils

A

Allergic reactions (like Asthma),
parasitism, cancer

66
Q

BLOOD

Low Basophils

A

Ovulation, steroid treatment,
thyrotoxicosis, acute hypersensitivity rxn

67
Q

BLOOD

High Basophils

A

Hypersensitivity reactions postsplenectomy, Chickenpox, hypothyroidism

68
Q

BLOOD

Drugs that may increase platelets:

A

Romiplostim, steroids, human IgG,
immunosuppressants.

69
Q

BLOOD

Drugs that may decrease platelet:

A

Aspirin, hydroxyurea, anagrelide,
chemotherapeutic drugs, statins, ranitidine, quinidine, tetracycline, vancomycin,
valproic acid, sulfonamides, phenytoin, piperacillin, penicillin, pentoxifylline,
omeprazole, nitroglycerin.

70
Q

BLOOD

Low Thrombocytes

A

Viral infection, aplastic anemia, leukemia, alcoholism,
vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency, SLE, hemolytic uremic
condition, HELLP syndrome, DIC, vasculitis, sepsis, splenic
sequestration, cirrhosis

71
Q

BLOOD

High Thrombocytes

A

Cancer, allergic reactions, polycythemia vera,
recent spleen removal, chronic myelogenous leukemia,
inflammation, secondary thombocytosis.

72
Q

*Determines the concentration of various chemical
substances found in the blood that provide clues to the functioning of the major body systems.

A

Blood Chemistry

73
Q

BLOOD

is the sample of choice in most of the tests.

A

SERUM

74
Q

BLOOD CHEMISTRY

A

COMMON GUIDELINES:
BLOOD CHEMISTRY
1. Perform tests in the morning preferably between 7:00 and 10:00.
2. Perform tests on an empty stomach (fasting means the state after about 12 hours not
eating meals and fluids12-hr)
FASTING required for: CHOLESTEROL, LIPID profile, GLUCOSE, GLUCOSE TOLERANCE
TEST, CORTISOL, FOLIC ACID, FERRITIN, IRON, PHOSPHORUS.
3. OVER FASTING: body starts to use its own protein, especially with a small supply of fat.
(glucose levels too low, increased ketone compounds, reduction in iron and hemoglobin
levels.)
4. Some medicines should be discontinued.
5. Avoid any intense physical exercise or sexual activity the day before a test.
6. Alcohol and cigarettes at least a day before, and smoking for about an hour before the
test.
7. Relax and avoid stress. Sit. Prolonged standing causes fluids to move from the inside of
the vessels to the intra-tract space and blood thickens.
8. Take hormones on the right days of the cycle.
9. Do not OVER EAT before a test.
10. For some blood tests, you may be asked to drink extra water to help keep more fluid in
your veins or to drink water 15 to 20 minutes before certain urine tests.

75
Q

BLOOD

Main extracellular ion.
Monitor the effectiveness of diuretics.

Nurse’s Role
Don’t draw blood from an arm with an IV drip.

A

SODIUM {Na}

76
Q

BLOOD

Major intracellular cation that regulate
acid-base equilibrium, control cellular
water balance, and transmit electrical
impulses in skeletal and cardiac muscles.

Nurse’s Role
Patients with elevated WBC counts and platelet counts may have falsely elevated potassium levels.

A

Potassium K

77
Q

BLOOD

most abundant extracellular body anion that
counterbalances cations Na and acts as buffer
during oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in
red blood cells (RBCs). Aids in digestion and
maintaining osmotic pressure and water balance.

Nurse’s Role
Any condition accompanied by
prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, or both will alter chloride levels

A

CHLORIDE (Cl)

78
Q

BLOOD

needed in the blood-clotting mechanisms,
regulates neuromuscular activity, acts as a
cofactor that modifies the activity of many
enzymes, and has an effect on the metabolism of
calcium

Nurse’s Role
Prolonged use of magnesium products
causes increased serum levels.
Long-term parenteral nutrition therapy
or excessive loss of body fluids may
decrease serum levels

A

MAGNESIUM (Mg)

79
Q

BLOOD

Important in bone formation, energy storage and
release, urinary acid-base buffering, and
carbohydrate metabolism. It is absorbed from
food and is excreted by the kidneys. High
concentrations of phosphorus are stored in bone
and skeletal muscle.

Nurse’s Role
Instruct the client to fast before the test

A

PHOSPHORUS (P)

80
Q

cation absorbed into the bloodstream from
dietary sources and functions in bone
formation, nerve impulse transmission, and
contraction of myocardial and skeletal muscles.
Calcium aids in blood clotting by converting
prothrombin to thrombin.

A

TOTAL CALCIUM
(Ca), IONIZED

81
Q

Calcium affected by:

A

*Decreased protein levels
*Use of anticonvulsant medications.

82
Q

-measure of solute concentration of blood. (sodium ions, glucose, urea);
usually estimated by doubling the serum sodium because sodium is a
major determinant of serum osmolality.

A

Serum Osmolality

83
Q

Part of the bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffering system and mainly
responsible for regulating the pH of body fluids.
Ingestion of acidic or alkaline solutions may affect results.

A

SERUM BICARBONATE (HCO3-)

84
Q

GLUCOSE STUDIES include the ff. tests:

A
  1. HbA1c (glycosylated hemoglobin),
  2. Fasting blood sugar, RBS
  3. Glucose tolerance test
  4. Diabetes mellitus antibody panel
85
Q

-help diagnose diabetes mellitus and hypoglycemia.

A

FASTING BLOOD SUGAR (FBS)

86
Q

glucose level is taken 2 hours after eating.
Nursing Consideration
-Instruct the client to fast for 8 to 12 hours before the test.
-Instruct a client with diabetes mellitus to withhold morning insulin or oral hypoglycemic until after the blood is drawn.

A

PPBS (POST PRANDIAL
BLOOD SUGAR)

87
Q

Aids in the diagnosis of DM. If the glucose
levels peak at higher than normal at 1 and 2 hours after
injection or ingestion of glucose and are slower than normal to
return to fasting levels, then diabetes mellitus is confirmed.

Nursing Considerations
1. Instruct the client to eat a high-carbohydrate (200 to
300 g) diet for 3 days before the test; avoid alcohol, coffee,
and smoking for 36 hours before the test; avoid strenuous
exercise for 8 hours before and after the test; fast for 10 to
16 hours before the test.
2. Instruct the client with diabetes mellitus to withhold
morning insulin or oral hypoglycemic medication.
3.Test may take 3 to 5 hours, requires IV or oral
administration of glucose, and the taking of multiple blood
samples.
4. INFORM PATIENT TO STRICTLY FOLLOW
INSTRUCTIONS.

A

GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST
(GTT)

88
Q
  • blood glucose bound to hemoglobin and a reflection of
    how well blood glucose levels have been controlled for
    the past 3 to 4 months. Hyperglycemia in clients with
    diabetes is usually a cause of an increase in the HbA1c.

Nursing Consideration:
Fasting is not required before
the test.

A

(HbA1c) GLYCOSYLATED
HEMOGLOBIN

89
Q

Used to evaluate insulin resistance
and to identify type 1 diabetes and
clients with a suspected allergy to
insulin.

A

DIABETES MELLITUS
AUTOANTIBODY PANEL)

90
Q

determines the kidney function of an individual

A

RENAL FUNCTION TESTS

91
Q

-measures the amount of creatinine in the blood.
Increased in kidney disease. Usually a creatinine level more than 1.2 for women
and more than 1.4 for men may be a sign that the kidneys are not working like
they should.

A

SERUM CREATININE

92
Q

measure of excretory function of
kidneys.
a. GFR of 60 or more together with a normal urine albumin test is normal.
b. GFR less than 60, indicates kidney disease.
c. GFR less than 15, indicates kidney failure. (Candidate for dialysis or
transplant.
d. GFR level consistently less than 20 over a 6- 12month period need
transplant.

A

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR)-

93
Q

measures the amount of urea nitrogen in the
blood (by product of protein metabolism). NV ranges from 7 to 20. Levels will
increase as disease progresses

A

BLOOD UREA NITROGEN (BUN):

94
Q

Liver FUnction Test

Conditions affecting the GIT can be easily
evaluated by studying the normal laboratory
values of the following:
1. ALT (Alanine aminotransferase or SGPT)
2. AST (Aspartate aminotransferase or SGOT)
3. BILIRUBIN
4. ALBUMIN
5. Ammonia, amylase, lipase, protein, and
lipids.

A
95
Q

used to identify hepatocellular injury and
inflammation of the liver and monitor disease.

A

ALANINE
AMINOTRANSFERASE

96
Q

-evaluate suspected hepatocellular disease, injury, or
inflammation (may also be used along with cardiac
markers to evaluate coronary artery occlusive disease).

A

ASPARTATE
AMINOTRANSFERASE

97
Q

-produced by the liver, spleen, and bone marrow;
by-product of hemoglobin breakdown.
Total bilirubin composed of DIRECT bilirubin (excreted
via GIT), and INDIRECT bilirubin (circulates in
bloodstream).
TOTAL BILIRUBIN increases with any type of jaundice;
direct and indirect bilirubin levels help differentiate the
cause of jaundice.

A

BILIRUBIN

98
Q

-main plasma protein of blood that maintains
oncotic pressure and transports bilirubin, fatty
acids, medications, hormones, and other
substances that are insoluble in water. Presence of
detectable albumin, or protein, in the urine is
indicative of abnormal renal function.

A

ALBUMIN

99
Q
  • by-product of protein catabolism (created by
    bacteria acting on proteins present in the gut). It is
    metabolized by the liver and excreted by the
    kidneys as urea. Venous ammonia levels are not a reliable indicator of hepatic coma.
A

AMMONIA

100
Q

-enzyme produced by pancreas & salivary glands;
aids in the digestion of complex carbohydrates;
excreted by kidneys. In ACUTE PANCREATITISamylase level may exceed five times the normal
value; the level starts rising 6 hours after the onset
of pain, peaks at about 24 hours, and returns to
normal in 2 to 3 days after the onset of pain.
In CHRONIC PANCREATITIS, the rise in serum
amylase usually does not normally exceed three
times the normal value.

A

AMYLASE

101
Q
  • pancreatic enzyme that converts fats and
    triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.
    Elevated lipase levels occur in pancreatic
    disorders; elevations may not occur until 24 to
    36 hours after the onset of illness and may
    remain elevated for up to 14 days.
A

LIPASE

102
Q
  • Reflects total amount of albumin and globulins in the plasma. Protein regulates osmotic pressure and is necessary for the formation of many
    hormones, enzymes, and antibodies; major source of building material for blood, skin, hair, nails, and internal organs.
A

SERUM PROTEIN

103
Q

LIPOPROTEIN
PROFILE (Lipid Profile)
Lipid assessment or lipid profile includes:
1. Total cholesterol
2. High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
3. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
4. Triglycerides

A
104
Q
  • present in all body tissues and is a major component of LDL,
    brain, and nerve cells, cell membranes, and some gallbladder
    stones.
A

CHOLESTEROL

105
Q

the stored fats in our body; constitute a major part of very-lowdensity lipoproteins and a small part of LDLs.

A

TRIGLYCERIDES

106
Q

LIPOPROTEIN
PROFILE (Lipid Profile)

A
  • Oral contraceptives may increase the
    lipid level.
  • Instruct the client to abstain from foods
    and fluid, except for water, for 12 to 14
    hours and from alcohol for 24 hours
    before the test.
  • Instruct the client to avoid consuming
    high-cholesterol foods with the evening
    meal before the test.
107
Q

-released into the circulation normally
following a myocardial injury as seen in
acute myocardial infarction (MI) or other
conditions such as heart failure.

A

CARDIAC MARKERS &
SERUM ENZYMES

108
Q

-enzyme found in muscle and brain tissue that
reflects tissue catabolism resulting from cell
trauma.

A

CREATINE KINASE (CK)

109
Q

, an oxygen-binding protein that is found in
striated (cardiac and skeletal) muscle, releases oxygen at
very low tensions. Any injury to skeletal muscle will cause a
release of myoglobin into the blood. Myoglobin rise in 2-4
hours after an MI making it an early marker for determining
cardiac damage

A

myoglobin

110
Q

normal myoglobin

A

5-7O ng/ml

111
Q

is released into
the bloodstream when an infarction causes damage
to the myocardium.

A

troponin

112
Q

HIV and AIDS testing

A
  1. ELISA
  2. WESTERN BLOT
    3.iMMUNOFLUORESCENCE ASSAY (IFA)
113
Q
  1. ELISA - A single reactive ELISA test by itself is not
    conclusive; should be repeated in duplicate with the same
    blood sample; if the result is repeatedly reactive, follow-up
    tests using Western blot or IFA.
  2. WESTERN BLOT- A positive Western blot or IFA results is
    considered confirmatory for HIV.
  3. IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE ASSAY (IFA).
    Note: A positive ELISA but not confirmed by Western blot or
    IFA should be repeated after 3 to 6 months.
A
114
Q

URINE

A

o Urinalysis
o Creatinine Clearance
o Culture/CS

115
Q

3-parts of URINE
EXAMINATION

A

-Physical
=Color, Volume, Odor, Transparency
-Chemical
=Glucose, Protein, pH, sp. gr, Ketones, Bilirubin
Nitrite, Ascorbic acid
-Microscopic
=RBC, WBC, Bacteria
Casts, Crystals, Epithelial cells, Mucus, Yeast

116
Q

Urine
Clear to Dark yellow

A

normal

117
Q

Urine
Amber to Honey Yellow

A

dehydration

118
Q

Urine
Orange

A

dehydration, intake of
rifampicin, consumption of orange food
dye

119
Q

Urine
Brown Ale

A

severe dehydration, liver
disease

120
Q

Urine
Pink to Reddish

A

consumption of
beets, rhubarb or blueberries, mercury
poisoning, tumors, kidney diseases,
prostate problems, UTI

121
Q

Urine
Blue or Green

A

consumption of
asparagus, genetic disorders, excess
calcium, heartburn medications, multivitamins.

122
Q

Urine
Deep Purple

A

Porphyria

123
Q

Urine
Red

A

Blood

124
Q

> Formed substances like WBC,
RBC, Casts, Crystals
Bacteria- uniform cloudiness
Epithelial cells
Mucus threads
Kidney stones

A

Cloudy Urine

125
Q

URINE CHEMICAL FINDINGS

A

> PROTEIN (albumin)-Heart failure, kidney disease, dehydration
pH (slightly acidic- 6.0)- HIGH- kidney disease, UTI. LOWdiarrhea, ketoacidosis
SPECIFIC GRAVITY- dehydration
KETONES- diabetic ketoacidosis (fatty acids used as fuel)
GLUCOSE- diabetes or gestational diabetes
BILIRUBIN- liver or bile duct disease
NITRITE- UTI, produced by bacteria
VITAMIN C- medication

126
Q

URINE MICROSCOPIC FINDINGS

A

> EPITHELIAL CELLS- elevated in infection or Ca
RBC- blood, menstruation (contamination), obstruction, kidney
stone, bleeding from somewhere
WBC- UTI, infection or inflammation of the urinary tract
CASTS- formed from coagulated protein in the renal cells
MUCUS- secretions, hormonal
BACTERIA- UTI, Trichomonas vaginalis
CRYSTALS- stone formation; leucine, cystine, and tyrosine indicate
malignancy
SPERM CELLS
YEAST- fungal infection (Candida)

127
Q

DURING URINE THE IDEAL IS

A

IDEAL- First morning, midstream, clean catch
Freshly voided, mid-stream catch
FREE from contaminants like blood and discharge

128
Q

Factors that interfere with urine results:

A
  1. Medications and supplements (metronidazole and vitamin C)
  2. Contamination- blood, mucus, unsterile collection bottle
129
Q

STOOL
oFecalysis
o FOBT
o Concentration Techniques
o Culture/CS

A
130
Q
  • TEST to find
    hidden blood in
    the stool that is
    not visibly
    apparent.
  • Screening test for
    colon cancer
A

FOBT

131
Q
  • identifying
    disorders of the
    digestive tract.
A

Routine Fecalysis

132
Q

Nurse’s Role in Collecting a stool specimen

A

 Guide patient on proper specimen collection. Ask patient to
urinate first to avoid contaminating stool with urine.
 Provide accurate sample identification
 Ensure all supplies are appropriate for collection
 Timely transport of specimen to the laboratory.

133
Q

SPUTUM

A

o AFB
o Gram Stain
o Culture/CS

134
Q

SWAB

A

o Culture/CS
o Gram Stain
o AFB and other
special stains

135
Q

VISUALIZATION PROCEDURES

A

-iNDIRECT
-MEDICAL IMAGING
-DIRECT

136
Q

(non-invasive)- X-ray, Ultrasonography, EEG, ECG, 2D/3D
echo, lung scan

A

INDIRECT

137
Q

CT (Computed Tomography), MRI uses magnetic
field, Nuclear imaging uses radioactive isotope, PET (Positron Emission
Tomography) inhalation or ingestion of radioisotope

A

MEDICAL IMAGING-

138
Q

(invasive)- Colonoscopy, Angiography
Used to visualize body organs and system functions.

A

DIRECT

139
Q
A

KC'S CLASS (18 decks)

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