Ha midterms Flashcards by ROSLIN ISABELLE VIERNES

Assessing the thorax and lungs

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Identifies the portion of the body extending from the base of the neck superiorly to the level of the diaphragm inferiorly

Thorax

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The lungs, distal portion of the trachea, and the bronchi are located in the thorax and constitute as

Lower respiratory system

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The outer structure of the thorax and is constructed of the sternum, 12 pairs of ribs, 12 thoracic vertebrae, muscles, and cartilage is referred to as the

Thoracic cage

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Contains the respiratory components

Thoracic cavity

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Also known as breastbone, lies in the center of the chest anteriorly and is divided into three parts: manubrium, body, and xyphoid process

Sternum

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A U-shaped indention located on the superior border of the manubrium is an important landmark known as the

Suprasternal notch (or angle of Louis)

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Name the 3 vertical reference lines in examining the chest wall

Midsternal line, Right midclavicular line, Left Midclavicular line

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Name the 3 vertical reference lines in examining posterior thorax

Vertebral line, Right scapular line, Left scapular line

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The thoracic cavity consists of the ____, which is the central area in the thoracic cavity that contains the trachea, bronchi, esophagus, heart, and great vessels

Mediastinum

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Is a flexible structure that lies anterior to the esophagus

Trachea

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At the level of the sternal angle, the trachea bifurcates into the right and left main ____

Bronchi

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The right main bronchus is _____ and more ____ than the left main bronchus, making aspirated object more likely to enter the right lung than the left

Short and more vertical

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The bronchi and trachea represent ____ in the respiratory system, where air is transported but no gas exchange takes place

Dead space

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The thoracic cavity is lined by a thin, double-layered serous membrane referred to as the

Pleura

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The ___ lines the chest cavity

Parietal pleura

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The ___ covers the external surface of the lungs

visceral pleura

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Bradypnea is

10/min

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Tachypnea is

24/min

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Hyperventilation

High rr

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Hypoventilation

Low rr

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What is the normal rr?

14-20/min

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Air movement in the lungs that is heard through auscultating

Vesicular sound

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When auscultating the lungs for sound what should not be heard?

Adventitious

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In auscultating lung sounds for wheezes ___ are high pitched and ____ are low pitched

Sibilant and Sonorous

In auscultating lung sounds, ____ abnormality is heard upon inspiration and is characterized by either _____ popping sounds or ____ bubbling sounds

Crackles, fine, coarse

In percussing, what are normal sounds heard?

Resonant sounds

Identify the respiratory abnormality: Alternation periods of deep rapid breaths

Cheyne stokes respiration

Identify the respiratory abnormality: Irregular pattern with varying depths of respiration

Biot's ataxic respiration

Identify the respiratory abnormality: Problem with inhalation and lung expansion

Restrictive lungs ds

Identify the sounds heard when auscultating lungs: Air movement in the lungs

Vesicular sounds

Identify the sounds heard when auscultating lungs: Air inside a pipe

Bronchial sounds

Identify the sounds heard when auscultating lungs: Combination of bronchial and vesicular sounds

Bronchovesicular sounds

Altered voice in auscultation

Bronchophony

Assessing the breast and lymphatic system

Paired mammary glands that lie over the muscles of the anterior chest wall, anterior to the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscle

Breasts

What are the 4 quadrants of the breast

Upper inner, upper outer, lower inner, Lower outer

Most breast tumors occur in this quadrant, and extends into the axillary area which is referred to as what

Upper outer quadrant, Tail of spence

Is located in the center of the breast, contains the tiny opening of the lactiferous ducts through which milk passes

Nipple

Surrounds the nipple and contains elevated sebaceous glands that secrete a protective lipid substance during lactation

Areola

Constitutes the functional part of the breast, allowing for milk production

Glandular tissue

The slight enlargement in each duct before it reaches the nipple is called the

Lactiferous sinus

Provides support for the glandular tissue largely by way of bands called Cooper ligaments

Fibrous tissue

Both males and females have superficial veins forming a network over the entire chest, known as the

Mammary plexus

Lymphadenopathy

Enlarged nipple

Fibrocystic nipples

Rubbery

Fibroadenoma nipples

Solid

Resulting from edema, an orange peel appearance of the breast is associated with cancer

Peau D'orange

Thorax is round shaped

Barrel Chest

Thorax has depression in lower sternum and is seen with congenital conditions that can cause murmurs or compress the heart and vessels

Pectus Excavatum

Sternum protrudes forward. Congenital. Increased AP diameter

Pectus Carinatum (Pigeon Chest)

Lateral S-shaped curve of the spine

Scoliosis

Exaggerated increased rounding of the thoracic spine

Kyphosis

Such athletes have this and often have a forward-translated head

Overhead position

Assessing the heart and vascular system

The anterior chest area that overlies the heart and great vessels is called the

Precordium

Occurs when blood flows to tissues and organs promoting the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Perfusion

The large veins and arteries leading directly to and away from the heart are referred to as the

Great vessels

The ____ and ____ return blood to the right atrium from the upper and lower torsos

Superior and inferior vena cava

Transport oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body

Aorta

What are the heart covering and walls

Pericardium, Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium

Pacemaker of the heart

SA node

Refers to the filling and emptying of the heart's chambers

Cardiac cycle

What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle

Diastole and Systole

What are heart sounds associated with Diastole?

S2, S3, S4

What are heart sounds associated with Systole

Are produced by valve closure

Heart sounds

Normal heart sounds are characterized as?

lub-dub

Lub sound S1 louder in the upper right side

Aortic area

Dub sound S2 louder in upper left side

Pulmonic area

4th ICS equal sound of lub and dub

Tricuspid area

5th ICS midclavicular and loudest heard of heart sound

Mitral area

Opening of aorta and pulmonic

Systole lub

Opening and closing of Mitral and tricuspid where hydrostatic pressure exerted by the pumping of the heart

Diastole

PMI

Point of Maximum impulse

Turbulent blood flow in which a swooshing or blowing sound may be auscultated over the precordium

Murmurs

Is the amount of blood pumped by the ventricles during a given period of time and is determined by the stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate

Cardiac Output

Is the amount of blood pumped from the heart with each contraction

Stroke Volume

Assessing the abdomen

The four quadrants of the abdomen

Right upper Quadrant, Right Lower Quadrant, Left Lower Quadrant, Left Upper Quadrant

What are the 9 quadrants of the abdomen

Right hypochondriac, Epigastric region, Left Hypochondriac region, Right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumber region, Right iliac region, hypogastric region, left iliac region

Solid Viscera

Liver, pancreas, spleen, adrenal glands, kidneys, ovaries, uterus

Hollow Viscera

Stomach, gallbladder, small intestine, colon, bladder

This lines diaphragm, anterior and posterior abdominal wall

Parietal peritoneum

This lines the liver, stomach, small and large intestine

Visceral peritoneum

People with high abdominal fat and visceral fat most likely have higher ____

Cholesterol

Identify the type of abdominal pain: Dull achy pain, burning, cramping and colicky pain

Visceral pain

Identify the type of abdominal pain: Localized, severe and steady pain

Parietal pain

Identify the type of abdominal pain: Pain travels from primary site, air trapped shoulder pain

Referred Pain

Enlargement of the abdomen

Abdominal distention

What are the different abdominal blood vessels

1. Renal arteries 2. Abdominal aorta 3. Umbilical 4. Illiac arteries 5. Femoral arteries

What is the order in assessing the abdomen

1. Inspection 2. Auscultation 3. Percussion 4. Palpation

What order of quadrants should you do in assessing the abdomen

RLQ, RUQ, LUQ, LLQ

Normal percussion sounds of the abdomen

Timpany or Timpanic sounds

One hand over the other

Bi manual palpation

Assessing the thorax and lungs

Ha midterms Flashcards

(97 cards)