Micropara finals Flashcards by ROSLIN ISABELLE VIERNES

Viruses

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What cell type are viruses

Acellular

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Viruses lack what?

Metabolic machinery

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Identify the type of virus by its basic morphology:
Capsomers, Nucleic acid, Capsid

Naked virus

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Identify the type of virus by its basic morphology:
Envelope, Capsid, Nucleic acid

Enveloped virus

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Identify the DNA Viruses:
Parvovirus, Papovavirus, adenovirus, Iridovirus

Nonenveloped

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Identify the DNA Viruses:
Hepadnavirus, Poxvirus, Herpesvirus

Enveloped

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Identify the DNA Viruses:
Picornavirus, Reovirus

Nonenveloped

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Identify the DNA Viruses:
Togavirus, Rhabdovirus, Orthomyxovirus, Bunyavirus, Coronavirus, Arenavirus, Retrovirus, Paramyxovirus

Enveloped al ss RNA

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Enumerate the Family, Subfamily, Genus, and Species of Virus

Family - viridae
Subfamily - virinae
Genus - virus
Species - virus

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What are the Primary characteristics of a virus?

Chemical nature, structure, Site of replication

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What are the Secondary characteristics of a virus?

Host range, mode of transmission, Specific surface structures

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Identify the characteristic of a virus:
RNA or DNA (ss or ds); + or - strand; MW

Chemical nature

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Identify the characteristic of a virus:
shape, no of capsomeres, diameter of nucleocapsids

Structure of virion

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Identify the characteristic of a virus:
Nucleus or cytoplasm

Site of replication

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Identify the characteristic of a virus:
Host species; specific host tissues or cell types

Host range

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Identify the characteristic of a virus:
e.g feces

Mode of transmission

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Identify the characteristic of a virus:
e.g. antigenic properties

Specific surface structures

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What icosahedral Viruses have No envelope

Papovaviridae, Picornaviridae

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What Icosahedral viruses are ds DNA?

Herpesviridae, Hepadnaviridae

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What icosahedral viruses have nucleus as their assembly site?

Papovaviridae, Herpesviridae, Hepadnaviridae

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What are the similarities of all Helical viruses?

All have envelope and all have an assembly site of cytoplasm

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Viruses that infect bacteria

Bacteriophages

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Identify the type of bacteriophages:
Destroy their host cells (by lysis)

Lytic/Virulent

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Identify the type of bacteriophages: Do not destroy host cells Integrate viral nucleic acid to host-cell genome and replicate without any cell lysis (Lysogeny) Carried out in phages containing ds DNA

Temperate phages/ Avirulent

Enumerate the stages of virus replication

1. Attachment (Adsorption) 2. Penetration (injection) 3. Synthesis of nucleic acid and protein 4 4. Assembly and packaging 5. Release (lysis)

Enumerate the steps of attachment of T4 bacteriophage virion to the cell wall of Escherichia coli and injection of DNA

(a) Unattached virion. (b) Attachment to the wall by the long tail fibers interacting with core polysaccharide. (c) Contact of cell wall by the tail pins. (d) Contraction of the tail sheath and injection of the DNA

True or False: Unlike bacteriophages, animal viruses the entire virion is taken up into the cell

True

The Virus avoids the host's immune response by

Growing inside cells

Viruses access to host cells because they have ______________________________ on host cells

attachment sites for host cells

Visible signs of viral infections are called

Cytopathic effects (CPE)

Is the smallest known infectious agents. Occurs only in plants, Does not posses protein coat

Viroids

Proteinaceous infectious particles. An unconventional virus

Prions

The possibility proteins are coded for by a gene found the normal host DNA

Altered protein

Medical-microbiology

Is a condition in which individuals of species live in close association with individuals of another species

Symbiosis

Identify the way in which symbiotic organisms interacts: Form of symbiosis in which each organism benefit e.g. bacteria in gut that aid digestion in both humans and animals and in turn obtain food from the human body

Mutualism

Identify the way in which symbiotic organisms interacts: One organism benefits while the other organism neither benefits nor suffers from the interaction e.g. this bacteria on epithelial surfaces such as in skin and respiratory tract

Commensalism

Identify the way in which symbiotic organisms interacts: One organism lives in or on the body of another organism and is dependent on the host for its survival e.g. viruses, parasitic worms, bacteria that causes strep throat, bubonic plague bacteria, cholera bacteria, etc.

Parasitism

Identify the way in which symbiotic organisms interacts: The inhibition of one species of organisms by another antibiotic production by microorganisms; myxobacteria and streptomycetes secreting lytic enzymes that degrade cell walls of other bacteria

Antagonism

Identify the way in which symbiotic organisms interacts: As supply of nutrients decreases, rapidly growing species deprive those that grow slowly of food e.g. microorganisms growing in fermented fruits/vegetables

Competition

Identify the way in which symbiotic organisms interacts: One organism, the predator, feeds on and digests another organism, the prey e.g. protozoa feed upon bacteria and some algae, bbdelovibrio bacteria feed upon other bacteria

Predation

Identify the characteristics of normal flora organisms: due to chemical receptors in the body cell e.g. proteins, polysaccharides, pili

Adhere to host cells

The detachment of host epithelial cells from body surfaces and replacement of the host cells by new cells - affects microbial adherence

Desquamation

Identify the characteristics of normal flora organisms: Residents flora produce metabolic products that can inhibit other microbes

Production of antimicrobial substances

This is considered the first line of defense

Skin

Inhibitory substances in the skin include

Sweat, lysozyme, sebum

The upper respiratory tract compromises of what?

Mouth, teeth, gum

Part of the Upper Respiratory Tract that is abundant in moisture, high dissolve food and food particles, saliva (10^8 bacteria per ml)

Mouth

Part of the Upper Respiratory Tract that is anaerobic environment -G+anae = S. mutans

Teeth

Part of the Upper Respiratory Tract that is fac. anae (S. sanguinis) to anae (Actinomyces) G- Porphyromonas (gingivitis); motile Treponema denticola & Trichomonas tenax (gingivitis)

Gum

Has no normal flora due to cilia-driven flow of mucus

Lower Respiratory Tract

True or False: Note that the plaque builds preferentially near the gum line, first occurring directly adjacent to the mucous membranes of the gingiva.

True

Part of the Gastrointestinal Tract that has numerous transient - fluid < 10 bacteria per ml (due to HCl and digestive enzymes) - Lactobacilli, Candida sp.

Stomach

Part of the Gastrointestinal Tract that has a few strong acid and bile

Small intestine

Part of the Gastrointestinal Tract that is the largest population in the human body - 10 ^11 orgs/g wt of stool (25% feces) - 300 diff bacterial species from feces - 3x 10^13 daily thru defecation

Large intestine

Part of the Genitourinary that is free of microorganisms

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder

Part of the Genitourinary G+ = Staph. epidermidis, Strep.faecalis, Corynebacterium G- cocci – Neisseria sp. G- fac anae rods = E. coli

Lower urethra

Part of the Genitourinary lactobacilli, enterococci, Corynebacterium, Candida albicans, high anae bacteria

Vagina

A predominant organism in the vagina of women between the onset of puberty and the end of menopause.

Lactobacillus acidophilus

A pathogen that initiates response in healthy individuals

Primary pathogen

Causes infections that develop in people with low resistance, prolonged antibiotic therapy and immunosupressive therapy

Opportunistic pathogen

The degree of the ability of a pathogen to cause disease

Virulence

The microbial properties that enhance a microorganism's pathogenicity

Virulence factors

Streptococcus pnuemoniae w/ capsule = _______ w/o capsule = _______

w/ capsule = virulent w/o capsule = avirulent

Identify the virulence factor: capsules – resist phagocytosis

Cellular factors

Identify the virulence factor: poisonous substances

Toxin producing

Toxin released in medium

Exotoxins

Toxin retained in cell

Endotoxins

Identify the virulence factor: affects invasiveness (penetration of tissues) Hyaluronidase produced by Strep. pyogenes in oral cavity and Staph. aureus in skin – allows them to destroy mucosa, affects tissue hydration & decelerates healing

Extracellular enzymes

 Excreted by Gram + & Gram – bacteria  Proteins  Heat labile  Convertible to toxoids  Specific for a particular type of cell function  High toxicity ( minute amounts)  Eg. C. botulinum toxin

Exotoxin

 Released by lysed cells of Gram – bacteria  Lipopolysaccharide  Heat stable  Cannot form toxoids  Generalized effect (eg. shock & fever)  Low toxicity (larger amounts)  E.coli toxin

Endotoxin

Factors Affecting Pathogenicity: 1. Cellular factors 2. Toxin producing 3. Extracellular enzymes

Properties inherent to the microbe

Factors Affecting Pathogenicity: Resistance vs susceptibility

Ability of the host to resist infection

Steps for a pathogen to accomplish in order to cause disease

1. infect the host 2. metabolize & multiply in host tissue 3. resist host defenses for a time 4. damage the host

Type of resistance factor that is not directed at any one specific pathogen

Non-specific resistance factors

Type of resistance factors where host develops defense mechanisms in response to a specific pathogen, or specific resistance against that pathogen

Specific resistance factors

Internal defense mechanisms

A. Cellular mediators B. Soluble mediators C. Inflammation D. Fever

External defense mechanisms: chemical secretions

Lysozyme, sebum, lactoferrin, transferrin

Internal defense mechanism: Cellular mediator that is non-phagocytic but kills tumor and virus-infected cells by binding to a target cell and releasing membrane-destroying protease and phospholipase enzymes

Natural killer cells

Internal defense mechanism: Cellular mediator Leukocytes (WBC) Granulocytes – neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils Agranulocytes – lymphocytes, monocytes

Phagocytic cells

Internal defense mechanism: Soluble mediator that 20 interacting proteins (antimicrobial peptides) in serum – - activated by invading mcgs or by antibody binding; some act as protease, some act on surrounding inflammatory cells -produced by mucous membrane cells & phagocytes

Complement

Internal defense mechanism: Soluble mediator that is soluble proteins produced and secreted by sensitized T lymphocytes

Lymphokines

Internal defense mechanism: Soluble mediator are small proteins produced by eukaryotic cells in response to viral infection or foreign dsRNA

Interferons

This causes:  loss of appetite  headache  raised body temperature  raised metabolic rate  Intensifies the effects of interferons, inhibits growth of some microbes and speeds up body reactions that aid repair

Fever

 Not directed to a specific type of pathogen  Skin, normal microflora, antimicrobial chemical secretions of the body (HCL in gastric juice, lysozyme, etc)

Non-specific immunity

 Directed to a specific type of pathogen  Involves cells that specifically respond to antigens which are distinguished on the basis of their surface markers.

Specific immunity

- mediated by antibodies (immunoglobulins); involves action of B cells

Humoral Immunity

Cellular reactions directly mediated by T cells or their factors (lymphokines)

Cellular Immunity

Occur when people consume food containing a toxin made by a microorganism - also called Food intoxication

Food poisoning

caused by heat stable enterotoxin of Staphylococcus spp

Staphyloccocal food poisoning

Caused by exotoxin-producing bacteria (C. botulinum) acting on the central nervous system causing respiratory failures

Botulism

Caused by mycotoxin-producing fungi (eg. ergot by Claviceps purpurea & aflatoxin by A. flavus, Penicillium)

Mycotoxin Food poisoning

by Salmonella spp.; abdominal pain, diarrhea

Salmonella gastroenteritis or Salmonellosis

by Salmonella typhi; infection of bloodstream; high fever

Typhoid fever

by Campylobacter jejuni; diarrhea in humans

Campylobacteriosis

by Vibrio cholera; don’t invade intestinal wall & body tissues but causes severe diarrhea

Cholera

by Yersinia enterocolitica fever & severe abdominal pain, vomiting & diarrhea

Yersiniosis

by Vibrio parahaemolyticus; from consumption of contaminated shellfish hemolysin & showing symptoms of “explosive” watery diarrhea; blood poisoning (Septicemia

Vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis & Septicemia

by E. coli; from contaminated water, salads, raw vegetables

Traveller's diarrhea

by “shiga” toxin-producing bacteria, Shigella, causing diarrhea in patients w/ blood & mucus in stools (bacillary dysentery)

Shigellosis

gastroenteritis –from raw meat & poultry

Clostridium perfingens

by Listeria monocytogenes; bacteria live in macrophages, makes hemolysin & causes stillbirth or meningitis in infants & adults.

Listeriosis

Clostridium perfingens um

1 um in diameter

Listeria monocytogenes um

0.5 um

by Trichinella (tiny worm) flu-like but lasts for year or more

Trichinosis

by Giardia lamblia fatigue, nausea, intestinal gas cramps, weight loss

Giardiasis

by Toxoplasma gondii (a protozoan) can cause enlarged lymph nodes, sever muscle pain & headaches & skin rash

Toxoplasmosis

by tiny roundworm Anisakia tingling sensation in throat, vomiting up worms, abdominal pain, nausea

Anisakiasis

Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology

The study of industrial importance/uses of microorganisms

Industrial Microbiology

The use of living systems in technology

Biotechnology

Makes use of genetically engineered organisms for the production of commercially important products or improvement of processes.

Recombinant DNA Technology

Categories of Industrial Products

1. Microbial cells 2. Large molecules 3. Primary metabolic products 4. Secondary metabolic products

Cells are used to chemically convert a specific substance from one form to another

Bioconversion

Essential features of an industrial microbiological process

Microorganism + Substrate -> Recovery and Purification of Product + Residue or Waste

Products of Microbial Dissimilation

 Alcohol & alcoholic beverages  Vinegar- by Acetobacter, Gluconobacter  Lactic acid  Organic acids- citrate, gluconate, fumarate

Alcohol Fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

2 Pyruvic acid -> + 2 CO2 2 Acetaldehyde + 2NADH2 -> 2 Ethanol + 2NAD

Lactic Acid Fermentation

2 Pyruvic acid + 2NADH2 -> +2NAD

Bacterial enzymes

1.Streptokinase 2. DNA Polymerase/ Taq Polymerase

Fungal enzymes

1. Lipase - rhizopus 2. Cellulase - by Trichoderma reesii 3. Glucose oxidase - aspergillus sp, penicillium

Identify the enzyme: Streptococcus spp. Treatment of patients following heart attacks

Streptokinase

Identify the enzyme: Streptomyces spp.; Bacillus spp. Production of high-fructose syrups

Glucose isomerase

Identify the enzyme: Rhizopus spp. Flavor improvement in processed food; improvement of cleaning action of detergents

Lipase

Identify the enzyme: Trichoderma reesii Digestive aid

Cellulase

Identify the enzyme: Aspergiullus spp; Penicillium spp. Removes glucose from eggs prior to drying; removes oxygen from canned foods, soft drinks and beer; manufacture

Glucose oxidase

An enzyme is bound on a solid material such as paper, wood chips, ceramic and glass beads, or ion-exchange resins. Expanded greatly the commercial uses of microbial enzymes

Immobilized enzyme technology

Microbial synthesis amino acids

Glutamic acid by Corynebacterium glutamicum Lysine – by mutant strain of C. glutamicum

Microbial Synthesis Pharmaceutical Products

Insulin – by genetically engineered E. coli Interferons Streptokinase Interleukin

1. Dextran –by Leuconostoc mesenteroides - stabilizer in food products; blood plasma substitute 2. Xanthan gum- by Xanthomonas campestris - Stabilizer & emulsifying agent in foods 3. Beta-carotene- by Blakeslea trispora - Yellow coloring in foods 4. Vit. B12- Streptomyces olivaceus, Propioni freudenreichii - treatment of pernicious anemia; food & animal feed supplementation 5. Riboflavin - by Eremothecium ashbyi - Vitamin supplement 6. Giberellic acid – by Fusarium moniliforme - Growth hormone in plants

Application in Mining and Petroleum Industry, Bioremidiation and Agriculture

Microbial Biotechnology

Produce acids and oxidize ore w/ subsequent precipitation of metal e.g. by Thiobacillus thiooxidans & Thiobacillus ferooxidans

Leaching

Recovery of oils from wells mcgs produce acid to separate rocks, decrease viscosity e.g. Psuedomonas putida - gen. Eng'd

Application in Petroleum Industry

The use of naturally occuring or genetically engineered biological agent (mcgs) to remove toxic pollutants from the environment e.g Psuedomanas putida - gen. Eng'd

Bioremediation

Used as bioinsecticides e.g Bt toxin by Bacillus thuringensis B. larvae, B. popilliae  Production of transgenic plants using a binary vector system in Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Application in Agriculture

Methods of gene transfer

Conjugation Transformation Transduction

Medical Parasitology

Focuses on parasites which cause disease in humans; also of great importance in veterinary medicine

Medical Parasitology

A very diverse set of eukaryotic pathogens

Parasites

Unicellular eukaryotes e.g. plasmodium

Protozoa

Multicellular organisms

Metazoa

flatworms these include flukes and tape worms

Platyhelminthes

Elongated round worms with rigid cuticula

Nematodes

Insects, ticks and mites which either are parasitic or transmit parasites as vectors

Arthropods

live on, but not in their hosts

Ectoparasites

live within the body and tissues of their hosts.

Endoparasite

Most parasites are

obligate parasites

Ascaris 1.5 billion Hookworms 1.3 billion Whipworms 1 billion Filarial worms 657 million Malaria 500 million Schistosomes 210 million Amebiasis 50 million Taenia tapeworms 50 million Clonorchis 20 million Chagas’ Disease 15 million

Parasites in the brain

Strongyloide, Ascaris, Toxoplasma, Echinostoma revolutum

Parasites in the eyes and lungs

Trichinella, Loa loa, Toxoplasma, Dirofilaria, Paragonimus, Ascaris

Parasites in the chest and liver

Dirofilaria - loa loa Clonorchis Fasciola

Parasites in the intestine

Fasciolopsis, Giardia, Entamoeba, Ascaris Tapreworm, Ancylostoma, Trichinella

Are caused by transmittable parasitic agents including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and a variety of metazoans commonly referred to as helminths or worms

Infectious diseases

Usually implies replication of the agent resulting in a growing number of pathogens

Infection

Are characterized by a constant number of pathogens. Severity of disease often depends on infection dose.

Infestation

Is by definition the one in which the parasite reproduces sexually

Definitive host

Additional hosts are then designated

Intermediate hosts

Host which actively transmit parasites to humans are often called

Vectors

In _____ or transport hosts no parasite development occurs

paratenic

Are alternate animal host from which the parasite can be transmitted to humans (zoonosis) or domestic animals

Reservoir host

Single host (no vector or intermediate host)

Direct Life Cycle

Requires a vector or an intermediate host of another species

Indirect lifecycle

Passive entry

Feeding drinking, direct contact, congenital transmission, transfussions

Active entry

Direct skin penetration by a specialized form of the parasite By using a vector

First animal

Protozoan

Vegetative state which feeds upon bacteria and particulate nutrients

Protozoa Trophozoite

Some protozoa produce a protective capsule under adverse conditions

Protozoa Cyst

Protozoal cells without mitochondria

Archaezoa

Cells without mitochondria and microtubules

Microsporidia

Protozoa exhibiting amoeboid movement with the help of indefinite number of pseudopodia

Rhizopoda

Protozoa have an apical complex of some special organelles known as sporozoa

Apicomplexan

Cells with numerous cilia

Ciliophora

This phylum includes two different groups of flagellated protozoa

Euglenozoa

World-wide distribution, lives in the small intestine and results in malabsorption

Giardia lamblia

May invade the colon and cause bloody diarrhoea – amoebic dysentery. Also causes amoebic liver abscess

Entamoeba histolytica

More prevalent in the immunocompromised

Cryptosporidium parvum

Parasitizes the small intestinal mucosa and may cause diarrhoea for several weeks

Cyclospora cyatenensis

A large motile ciliated parasite that lives in the colon of pigs, humans and rodents and can lead to colonic ulceration

Balantidium coli

The cause of malaria. There are 4 species that infect man: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae

Plasmodium

Transmitted by the ingestion of oocysts from cat faeces. Infection can lead to ocular problems and is also a cause of neonatal toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasma gondi

Transmitted by sand flies, can lead to visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

Leishmania

Haemoflagellates cause

Trypanosoma

Multicellular Kingdom: Metazoa Bilaterally Symmetric animals

Helminthes

 Dorsal ventral flattening & a definite head end – most obvious feature  Bilateral symmetry  Unsegmented body, 3 germ layers  No circulatory & respiratory systems, no skeleton, but with excretory system

Platyhelminths (flat worms)

Taenia (tapeworm), Echinococcus, Diphylobotrium

Tape-like (Class Cestoda)

Fasciola (liverfluke), Schistosoma, Chlonorcis, Paragonimus

Leaf-like (Class Trematoda)

Acquired by ingestion of contaminated, uncooked beef

Taenia saginata

Acquired by ingestion of contaminated, uncooked pork that contains cystercerci

Taenia solium

A common parasite of humans and pigs in South- east Asia. This parasite is one of the largest trematodes to infect man (8cm in length) and lives in the upper intestine. Chronic infection leads to inflammation, ulceration and haemorrhage of the small intestine

Fasciolopsis buski

Widespread in the Far East and South east Asia, the parasite is acquired by ingestion of infective metacercariae in raw or pickled crustaceans

Paragonimus westermani ( lung fluke)

A parasite of sheep, humans become infected when ingest metacercariae that have encysted on watercress. The adult trematode lives in the intra-hepatic bile ducts of the liver. ______” can lead to severe anaemia in humans

Fasciola Hepatica

Widespread in China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan, this parasite is acquired by ingestion of infective metacercariae in raw or pickled fish

Clonorchis sinensis

 Vermiform or cylindrical, unsegmented body  Bilateral symmetry  Complete digestive system but lack circulatory & respiratory systems  Sexual reproduction  Mostly dioecious (separate sexes), some are hermaphroditic  Examples: Ascaris, Dracunculus, Encylostoma, Enterobius, Filaria, Strongyloides,Trichinella

NEMATHELMINTHS/NEMATODES (ROUND WORMS)

 A soil transmitted helminth  prevalent in warm, humid conditions  Can cause diarrhoea, rectal prolapse and anaemia in heavily-infected people

Trichuris (whipworm)

 A major cause of anaemia in the tropics

Ancylostoma and Necator (hookworms)

 inhabits the small bowel  infection more severe in immunospressed people (e.g. HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, intercurrent disease)

Strongyloides

 Found world-wide in conditions of poor hygiene, transmitted by the faecal- oral route  Adult worms lives in the small intestine  Causes eosinophilia

Ascaris (roundworm)

 prevalent in cold and temperate climates but rare in the tropics  found mainly in children

Enterobius (pinworm or threadworm)

Transmitted by the simulium black fly, this microfilarial parasite can cause visual impairment, blindness and severe itching of the skin in those infected

Onchocerca volvulus FILARIA WORM

The major causative agent of lymphatic filariasis

Wuchereria bancrofti

Another microfilarial parasite that causes lymphatic filariasis

Brugia malayi

 A world-wide infection of dogs and cats  Human infection occurs when embryonated eggs are ingested from dog or cat faeces  It is common in children and can cause visceral larva migrans (VLM)

Toxocara

Can be defined as the study of disease

Epidemiology

Is an infectious disease that can be transmitted from one person to another

Communicable disease

Is a communicable disease that is easily transmitted from person-to-person

Contagious disease

Is one that humans acquire from animal sources

Zoonotic disease

___ of a particular disease is the number of new cases of that disease in a defined populating during a specific time period

Incidence

Is the number of new cases of a particular disease that occurred during a specified time period per a specifically defined population

Morbidity rate

Is the number of cases of the disease existing in a given population during a specific time period

Period prevalence

Is the number of cases of the disease existing in a given population at a particular moment in time

Point Prevalence

Is the ratio of the number of people who died of a particular disease during a specified time period per a specified population

Mortality rate

Micropara finals Flashcards

(212 cards)