Funda midterm (lectures) Flashcards
1
Q
Patient Quality and Safety
A
2
Q
A fundamental concern of nurses, which extends from the bedside to the home to the community, is preventing injuries and assisting the injured
A
Safety
3
Q
Factors Affecting Safety are
A
-Age and Development
- Lifestyle
- Mobility and Health Status
- Sensory and Perpetual alterations
- Emotional State
- Cognitive awareness
- ability to communicate
- safety awareness
- environmental factors
4
Q
What are the Joint Commission’s 2019 National Patient Safety Goals for Hospitals and Nursing Care Centers
A
- Improve the accuracy of patient identification
- Improve the effectiveness of communication among caregivers
- Reduce the harm associated with clinical alarm systems
- reduce the risk of healthcare-associated infections
- Reduce the risk of patient and resident harm resulting from falls
- prevent healthcare-associated pressure ulcers
- the hospital identifies safety risks inherent in its patient population
- universal protocol for preventing wrong site, wrong procedure, and wrong person surgery
5
Q
Give an Adult Safety Measures in the given situation:
In reinforcing motor vehicle safety , if alcohol is consumed use the method
A
Designated drivers
6
Q
Give an Adult Safety Measures in the given situation:
Avoiding excessive sun radiation by limiting _____, using ______, wearing _______.
A
exposure, sun-blocking agents, protective clothing
7
Q
Is a single temporary event that consists of uncontrolled electrical neuronal discharge of the brain that interrupts normal brain function
A
Seizure
8
Q
Are devices used to reduce or prevent physical activity of a client or a part of the body when the client is unable to remove the device
A
Restraints
9
Q
Identify the Restraint type:
Use of an intervention or device that hinders the client from moving or restricts the individual from contact with his or her body
A
Physical
10
Q
Identify the Restraint type:
Using a medication to control behavior or to restrict the client’s freedom of movement and is not a standard treatment for the client’s medical or psychologic condition
A
Chemical
11
Q
Identify the Restraint type:
Involuntary confinement of a client alone in a room or area from which the client is physically prevented from leaving
A
Seclusion
12
Q
Infection Prevention and Control
A
13
Q
Collective vegetation in a given area
A
Resident Flora
14
Q
Microbial species that can be cultured from body surfaces under certain circumstances
A
Transient Flora
15
Q
What are the four major mo’s causing infections in humans
A
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites
16
Q
Growth of MO’s in body tissue where they are not usually found
A
Infection
17
Q
Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
A
Disease
18
Q
No clinical evidence of disease
A
Asymptomatic/Subclinical
19
Q
Ability to produce disease
A
Pathogenicity
20
Q
Can be transmitted to an individual
A
Communicable Disease
21
Q
Cause disease only in susceptible individuals
A
Opportunistic pathogen
22
Q
Freedom from disease-causing microorganisms
A
Asepsis
23
Q
Identify the type of Asepsis:
Practices intended to confine a specific MO to a specific area
A
Medical
24
Q
Identify the type of Asepsis:
practices that keep an area or object free from all MOs
A
Surgical
25
Identify the type of infection:
Process by which strains of microorganisms become resident flora
Colonization
26
Identify the type of infection:
Limited to specific part of the body where to MO's remain
Local infection
27
Identify the type of infection:
MO's spread and damage different parts of the body
Systemic infection
28
Identify the type of infection:
Culture of the individuals blood reveals MO's
Bacteremia
29
Infections that originate in any healthcare setting
Healthcare-associated infections
30
Infection origination from the client themselves
Endogenous
31
Infection from the hospital environment and hospital
Exogenous
32
Serious infection that occurs when MOs enter the bloodstream through a large catheter placed in a large vein
Central line-associated blood stream infection (CLABSI)
33
Any infection involving any part of the urinary system
Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)
34
An infection that occurs after surgery in the part of the body where the surgery took place
Surgical site infection
(SSI)
35
A lung infection that develops in a person on a machine used to help the client breathe
Ventilator Associated pneumonia (VAP)
36
Chain of infection steps
- Etiologic agent
- Reservoir
- Portal of Exit
- Mode of Transmission
- Portal of Entry
- Susceptible Host
37
Identify the step of chain infection based on the factors:
*Number of organisms present
*Virulence and potency
*Ability to enter the host’s body
*Susceptibility of the host
*Ability to live in the host’s body
Etiologic agent
38
Identify the step of chain infection based on the factors:
*Sources of MO’s such as:
*Humans/ Carriers
*Plants
*Animals
*Medical equipment
*General environment
Reservoir
39
What are the direct modes of transmission
Direct contact and Droplet spread
40
What are the indirect modes of transmission
Airborne, vehicle-borne, vector borne
41
Occurs through skin-to-skin contact, kissing, and sexual intercourse
Direct contact
42
Spray with relatively large, short-range, aerosols produced by sneezing, coughing, or even talking
Droplet Spread
43
Occurs when infectious agents are carried by dust or droplet nuclei suspended in air
Airborne
44
Indirectly transmit an infectious agent include food, water, biologic products, and fomites
Vehicle
45
Such as mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks may carry an infectious agent through purely mechanical means or may support growth or changes in the agent
Vector
46
A break in the skin can readily serve as a ______
Portal of entry
47
Is any individual who is at risk for infection
Susceptible host
48
Is someone at increased risk, an individual who for one or more reasons is more likely than others to acquire an infection
Compromised host
49
What are the factors affecting susceptibility?
- impairment of immune system
- age
- clients receiving immune suppression treatment
- immune deficiency conditions
50
Body defense against infection that protect the individual against all MOs
Non-specific
51
Body defense against infection directed against identifiable infectious agent
Specific
52
First line of non specific defense
Intact skin and mucous membranes
53
Local and nonspecific defensive response of the tissues to an injurious/ infectious agent
Inflammatory response
54
Injurious agents are classified as?
1. Physical agents
2. Chemical Agents
3. Microorganisms
55
What are the 3 stages of Inflammatory Response?
1. Vascular and Cellular responses
2. Exudate production
3. Reparative Phase
56
Substance that induces a state of sensitivity or immune responsiveness
Antigen
57
Originate from own body
Autoantigen
58
Also called humoral immunity as it resides in the B lymphocytes and mediated by antibodies produced by B cells
Antibody mediated
59
Also called immunoglobulins are part of the body's plasma proteins
Antibodies
60
Antibodies are produced by the body in response to an antigen
Active
61
Type of Active antibody that are formed in the presence of active infection in the body
Active Natural
62
Type of Active antigen that are administered to stimulate antibody production
Active Artificial
63
Antibodies are produced by another source, animal, or human
Passive
64
Type of Passive antibody that are transferred naturally from an immune mother to her baby through the placenta or in colostrum
Passive Natural
65
Type of passive immune serum from an animal or another human is injected
Passive Artificial
66
This testing involves measurement of several hepatitis B virus HIBV-specific antigens and antibodies.
Hepatitis B serologic testing
67
Occurs through T cell system
Cell-mediated
68
3 types of Cell-mediated
1. Helper
2. Cytotoxic T cells
3. Suppressor T cells
69
Is considered one of the most effective infection prevention measures
Hand hygiene
70
Is a chemical preparation used on skin or tissue
Antiseptic
71
Is a chemical preparation, such as phenol or iodine compounds, used on inanimate objects
Disinfectant
72
Preparation destroys bacteria
Bactericidal
73
Preparation prevents the growth and reproduction of some bacteria
Bacteriostatic
74
Process that destroys all microorganisms including spores and viruses
Sterilization
75
Steam under pressure to attain temp higher than boiling point
Moist Heat
76
Ethylene oxide destroys MOs by interfering with metabolic process
Gas
77
Most practical and inexpensive, some spores and viruses are not killed. Min 15 mins for disinfection at home
Boiling Water
78
Ionizing and non-ionizing, rays do not penetrate deeply
Radiation
79
Used for clients known to have or suspected of having serious illnesses transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei smaller than 5 microns. Ex. Measles, varicella, and tuberculosis
Airborne precaution
80
Used for clients known to have or suspected of having serious illnesses transmitted by particle droplets larger than 5 microns. Ex. Diphteria, mycoplasma pneumonia, pertussis, mumps, rubella
Droplet precaution
81
Used for clients known to have or suspected of having serious illnesses easily transmitted by direct client contact or by contact with items in the client's environment
Contact precaution
82
A specific type of aseptic technique with a unique theoretical and clinical practice framework based upon the original concept of key-part and key-site protection.
Aseptic non-touch technique
83
The critical part of equipment that comes into contact with a key site
Key part
84
A part of the body that is at risk of contamination if ANTT is not used
Key site
85
ANTT
A – Always ensure hands are decontaminated effectively prior to
the procedure
N – Never contaminate key parts of sterile materials/equipment or
the patient’s susceptible key sites
T – Touch non-key parts with confidence
T –Take appropriate infection prevention and control precautions
e.g. use of PPE, safe waste management
86
Vital Signs
87
Vital signs include what?
- body temp
- pulse
- respiration
- blood pressure
88
What is commonly assessed alongside vital signs
- pain
- oxygen saturation
89
Reflect the balance between heat produced and heat lost from the body
Body temperature
90
Temperature of the deep tissues of the body
Core body temperature
91
Temperature of the skin, subcutaneous tissue and fat
Surface temperature
92
What are the factors affecting body temperature
1. Age
2, Diurnal Variations
3. Exercise
4. Hormones
5. Stress
6. Environment
93
What is the normal temperature
36-37.5 C
94
Temperature above the usual range
Pyrexia
95
Very high fever
Hyperpyrexia
96
Normal temperature
Afebrile
97
Alternates at regular interval normal and fever
Intermittent fever
98
Fluctuating above normal temperature
Remittent fever
99
Short febrile periods with 1 or 2 days of normal temperature
Relapsing
100
Result of excessive heat and dehydration
Heat exhaustion
101
Core body temperature below lower limit of normal
Hypothermia
102
What are the different sites of body temperature measurements
- oral
-rectal
-axillary
-tympanic membrane
-temporal artery
103
Wave of blood created by contraction of the left ventricle of the heart
Pulse
104
Is the ability of the arteries to contract and expand
Compliance
105
Volume of blood pumped into the arteries by heart and equals the result of the SV x HR/min
Cardiac output
106
Excessively fast heart rate >100
Tachycardia
107
Less than 60bpm
Bradycardia
108
Pattern of beats and intervals between beats
Pulse rhythm
109
Irregular rhythm
Arrhythmia/ Dysrhytmia
110
Refers to breathing out or the movement of gases from the lungs to the atmosphere
Ventilation
111
Involves the external intercostal muscles and other accessory muscles and observed through the movement of the chest
Costal breathing
112
Involves the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and observed by the movement of the abdomen
Diaphragmatic breathing
113
Normal rate and depth of breathing
Eupnea
114
Abnormally slow respiration
Bradypnea
115
Abnormally fast respiration
Tachypnea
116
Absence of breathing
Apnea
117
Measure of the pressure exerted by the blood as it flows through the arteries
Arterial blood pressure
118
Pressure of the blood as a result of contraction of the ventricles
Systolic pressure
119
Pressure when the ventricles are at rest
Diastolic pressure
120
Difference between the diastolic and systolic pressures
Pulse pressure
121
Represents the pressure actually delivered to the body's organs
Mean arterial pressure
122
Persistently above normal blood pressure
Hypertension
123
Blood pressure below normal
Hypotension
124
Blood pressure that decreases when the client changes from a supine to sitting/standing position
Orthostatic hypotension
125
Phases of the Korotkoff sounds
1. PHASE I Clear tapping or thumping sounds are heard.
First tapping sound is the systolic blood pressure
2. PHASE II period when the sounds are muffled
3. PHASE III period when the blood flows freely through
thumping but softer than phase I
4. PHASE IV muffled and have a soft blowing quality
5. PHASE V when the last sound is heard. The last sound
indicates the diastolic pressure
126
Med ad
127
Describes the drug's chemical structure
Chemical Name
128
Official, nonproprietary name, not owned by any company and universally accepted
Generic name
129
Proprietary name, chosen by the drug company and registered as trademark
Trade/brand name
130
10 rights to medication
Important five
1. Right patient
2. Right route
3. Right time
4. Right drug
5. Right dose
Other five
1. Right documentation
2. Right education
3. Right to refuse
4. Right assessment
5. Right evaluation
131
This is the preferred and expected effect for which medication is administered to a specific client.
Therapeutic effect
132
These are usually expected and inevitable when a medication is given at a therapeutic dose
Side effects
133
These are undesired, inadvertent, and unexpected dangerous effects of the medication
Adverse effects
134
Medications can have specific risks and manifestation of toxicity
Toxic effects
135
Therapeutic actions of drugs:
Relieves the symptoms of a disease but does not affect the disease itself
Palliative
136
Therapeutic actions of drugs:
Cures a disease or condition
Curative
137
Therapeutic actions of drugs:
supports body function until other treatments or the body's response can takeoover
Supportive
138
Therapeutic actions of drugs:
Replaces body fluids or substances
Substitutive
139
Therapeutic actions of drugs:
destroys malignant cells
Chemotherapeutic
140
Therapeutic actions of drugs:
Returns the body to health
Restorative
141
Immunologic reaction to drug
Drug allergy
142
Severe allergic reaction that occurs immediately after administration of the drug
Anaphylactic reaction
143
Drug effect:
Exists in a client who exhibit an unusually low physiologic response to a drug and requires increases in the dosage to maintain a given therapeutic effect
Drug tolerance
144
Drug effect:
When the administration of one drug before, at the same time or after another drug alters the effects of one or both drugs. Can be synergistic or antagonistic
Drug interaction
145
Drug effect:
Disease caused unintentionally by medical therapy
Iatrogenic Disease
146
Drug use:
Improper use of common medications that lead to acute or chronic toxicity
Misuse
147
Drug use:
Inappropriate intake of substances, either continually or periodically
Abuse
148
Drug use:
Reliance on or need to take a drug or substance. Can either be Physiologic or Pschologic dependence
Dependence
149
Drug use:
Mild form of psychologic dependence, developing a habit of taking substance and feeling better after
Habituation
150
Drug use:
Also called street drugs, sold illegally
Illicit drug
151
Medications can interact with each other resulting in desired or undesired effects
Medication interactions
152
Medications may be contraindicated for a client who has a specific disease or condition
Precautions/Contraindications
153
Drugs found to be safe and appropriate for use without supervision of the HCP
Over the counter drugs
154
SAFER
S – speak up
A - ask questions
F – find the facts
E – evaluate your
choices
R – read labels
155
PRN
Pro re nata
156
Pro re nata - latin phrase meaning?
As needed
157
AC
Antecibum - before meals
158
Bid
bis in die - twice a day
159
q3h
quaque 3 hora - every three hours
160
qd
Quaque die - every day
161
Also known as compliance is defined as the extent to which a patient's behavior coincides with medical advice
Patient Adherence
162
Study of the movement of the drug throughout the body
Pharmacokinetics
163
Pharmacokinetics derived from two greek words pharmakon and kinesis meaning
Drug or poison, motion
164
4 processes of Pharmacokinetics
1. Absorption
2. Distribution
3. Metabolism
4. Excretion
165
Transmission of medications from the location of administration to the bloodstream
Absorption
166
Identify the angle of injection technique:
Intramuscular
90
167
Identify the angle of injection technique:
Subcutaneous
45
168
Identify the angle of injection technique:
Intravenous
25
169
Identify the angle of injection technique:
Intradermal
10-15
170
Enteral route of administration pass from the intestinal lumen to the liver via the portal vein
First pass effect
171
Refers to the percentage of administered drug available for activity
Bioavailability
172
Transporatation of medications to sites of action by bodily fluids
Distribution
173
Changes medications into less active/inactive form by the action of enzymes
Metabolism/ biotransformation
174
Compound that is metabolized into an active pharmacologic substance
Prodrug
175
Time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to be reduced by half
Half life
176
Plateau drug level, amount of drug administered is equal to the amount being eliminated
Steady state
177
Giving a large initial dose so therapeutic effect is achieved while a steady state is reached
Loading
178
Dose needed to maintain drug concentration at a steady state, consistent dosing and interval
Maintenance
179
Elimination of drugs from the body
Excretion
180
Study of the effects of the drugs on the body
Pharmacodynamics
181
Body's physiologic response changes in drug concentration at the site of action
Dose-response relationship
182
Refers to the amount of drug to elicit a specific response to a drug
Potency
183
Increasing a drug dosage no longer increases the response
Maximal efficiency
184
Describes the relationship between the therapeutic dose of the drug and the toxic dose of a drug
Therapeutic index
185
No need for routine serum drug level monitoring
High TI has a wide safety margin
186
Serum drug levels should be monitored
Low TI has a narrow safety margin
187
Time it takes for a drug to reach MEC
Onset
188
amount of drug required for drug effect
MEC - Minimum effective concentration,
189
Drug reaches its highest concentration in the blood
Peak
190
Length of the time the drug exerts a therapeutic effect
Duration
191
Medication that can mimic the receptor activity regulated by endogenous compounds
Agonist
192
Medication that can block normal receptor activity regulated by endogenous compounds
Antagonist
193
Limited affinity to receptor sites
Partial Agonist
194
Drugs that affect multiple receptor sites
Nonspecific
195
Drugs that affect multiple receptor
Nonselective
196
Mechanism of Action includes?
1. Stimulation
2. Depression
3. Irritation
4. Replacement
5. Cytotoxic action
6. Antimicrobial
7. Modification of immune status
197
Degree of detrimental effects caused by excessive drug dosing
Toxicity
198
Sensitization of immune system
Allergic reaction
199
Uncommon drug response genetic predisposition
Idiosyncratic Effect
200
Opposite of the intended drug response
Paradoxical effect
201
Disease caused by drugs
Iatrogenic disease
202
State in which the body has adapted to drug exposure, will cause abstinence syndrome if discontinued
Physical dependence
203
Cancer-causing
Carcinogenic
204
Drug-induced birth defect
Teratogenic
205
Organ toxicities
Hepatotoxic/
Ototoxicity/
Nephrotoxicity
206
Factors affecting medication action
* Developmental factors
* Gender
* Genetic and Cultural
Factors
* Diet
* Environment
* Illness and Disease
* Time of Administration
207
Medication prescription:
Medications are given on a regular schedule with or without a termination date
Standard prescription
208
Medication prescription:
one time prescription
Single Prescription
209
Medication prescription:
Given only once and given immediately
Stat Prescription
210
Medication prescription:
stipulates at what dosage, what frequency and condition a medication ma be given
PRN
211
Medication prescription:
Written for specific circumstance, may or may not have a termination date and carried out until an order to cancel it is given
Standing prescriptions
212
Components of a prescription order
- client's name
- date and time of prescription
- name of medication
- dosage of medication
- route of administration
- time and frequency of medication
- signature of prescriber
213
Medication prescriptions are written in the chart by the provider or nurse who takes a verbal or telephone prescription
Telephone order
214
1. Republic Act No. 6675 - The
Generics Act Of 1988
2. Republic Act No. 9502 –
Universally acceptable cheaper
and quality medicines act of 2008
(amendment of RA 5921)
3. Republic Act No. 9165 –
Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs
Act of 2002
215
Parts of the needle
- bevel
- shaft
- gauge number
- hub
216
Used when rapid effect is required. Appropriate when medications are too irritating to tissues to be given through other routes
Intravenous medications
217
Method of administering a medication mixed with small amount of IV solution
Intermittent IV infusion
218
Second set connect the second container to the tubing of the primary container at the upper port
Piggyback
219
Such sets are small fluid containers attach below the primary infusion container so that the medication is administered through the client's IV line
Volume Control Infusions
220
Bolus is the IV administration of an undiluted drug directly into the systemic circulation. Is used when a medication cannot be diluted or in an emergency
IV push
221
Applied locally to the skin or to mucous membranes in areas such as the eye, external ear canal, nose, vagina, and rectum
Topical medications
222
This system administers sustained-action medication via multi-layered films containing the drug and an adhesive layer
Transdermal patch
223
Instillations or irrigations of the external auditory canal are referred to as
Otic medication
224
Is a suspension of minute liquid droplets or fine solid particles suspended in a gas. Delivers the pulmonary medication to its immediate site of action
Aerosol
225
Metered Dose inhaler (MDI) is disinfected how?
Disinfected weekly by soaking for 20 mins in 1 pint of water with 2 ounces of vinegar added
226
Complementary, alternative, and integrative therapies
227
Therapies used together with conventional treatment recommended by a person's HCP
Complementary therapies
228
Other term for Complementary therapies
Integrative health care programs
229
Therapeutic touch
Hypnotherapy
Chiropractic therapy
Guided imagery
Breathwork
Complementary therapies
230
Non-pharmacological therapies used in place of conventional therapies. Exercise, and chiropractic herbal supplements
Alternative therapies
231
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Alternative therapies
232
Interventions done by a licensed health care providers. Emphasizes the importance of the relationship between practitioner and patient
Integrative therapies
233
A way of being-knowing-doing that advances the health and well-being of a person's, families, and communities through caring-healing relationships
Integrative therapies
234
Identify the type of Complementary therapies:
Dietary supplements
Herbal medicines
Macrobiotic diet-vegan diet
Mycotherapies-fungi-based products
Orthomolecular medicine
Probiotics-live microorganisms
The Zone dietary program
Biologically based therapies
235
Identify the type of Complementary therapies:
Acupuncture
Healing touch
Reiki therapy
Therapeutic touch
Magnet therapy
Energy Therapy
236
Identify the type of Complementary therapies:
Acupressure
Chiropractic medicine
Massage therapy
Simple touch
Manipulative and Body-based methods
237
Identify the type of Complementary therapies:
Art Therapy
Biofeedback
Breathwork
Guided imagery
Meditation
Mind-body interventions
238
Identify the type of Complementary therapies:
Dance therapy
Feldenkrais method-establishment of good self-image
Pilates
Complementary therapies
239
Identify the type of Complementary therapies:
Traditional Chinese Medicine
Native American traditional healing-asking spirits to ask direction
Whole Medical System
240
Identify the type of Complementary therapies:
Thoughts and feelings influence the production of chemicals
Relaxation Therapy
241
Mind modifies the biochemical functions of the major organ systems in response to feedback
Stress response
242
Ability to identify, differentiate, maintain attention
Focusing
243
Ability to stop unecessary goal-directed and analytic activity
Passivity
244
Ability to tolerate and accept experiences that are uncertain, unfamiliar
Receptivity
245
Meditari meaning
To pay attention
246
4 components of Meditation
1. Quiet Space
2. Comfortable position
3. Receptive attitude
4. Focus attention
247
Is a mind-body therapy that used the conscious mind to create mental images to stimulate physical changes in body, improved perceived well-being and or enhance self-awareness
Imagery/visualization
248
Mind-body technique that uses instruments to teach self-regulation and voluntary self-control over physiologic responses
Biofeedback
249
Identify the type of Training specific therapy:
Regulates of realigns the vital energy and modifies the response of the body to pain and how pain is processed by central neural pathways and cerebral function
Acupuncture
250
Identify the type of Training specific therapy:
Placing a practioner's open palms either on or close to the body of a person
Therapeutic touch
251
Identify the type of Training specific therapy:
Views health as life in balance which manifests as lustrous hair, a radiant complexion, engaged interactions, a body that functions wihtout limitations and emotional balance
TCM chinese medicine
252
Identify the type of Training specific therapy:
Is a chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism and includes herbal medicines, dietary supplements, vitamins, minerals, essential oils and probiotics
Natural products and herbal therapies
253
Oxygenation
254
A process in oxygenation where movement of gases into and out of the lungs during inspiration and exhalation
Ventilation
255
A process in oxygenation and is the ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissue and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Perfusion
256
A process in oxygenation and is the movement of respiratory gases from one area to another by concentration gradient
Diffusion
257
State the cardiopulmonary physiology
Deliver of deoxygenated blood - right side of the heart- right side of the lungs(oxygenate) -
delivery of oxygenated blood - left side of the lungs - heart - tissues - removal of cellular
metabolism waste products - blood flow to body systems (respiratory, digestive, - right ventricle
- pumps deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary circulation - left ventricle pumps oxygenated
blood through systemic circulation - as blood passes through the circulatory system - exchange
of respiratory gases, nutrients, and waste products.
258
The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute
Cardiac output
259
The volume of blood ejected from the ventricles during systole
Stroke volume
260
Measurement of the electrical activity of the conduction system
Electrocardiogram
261
Factors affecting oxygenation
Physiological factors
Decreased oxygen- carrying
Anemia
Inhalation of toxic substance
262
What is the normal value of PaCO2
35-45 mmhg
263
What is the normal value of PaO2
80-100 mmhg
264
Decreased in the amount of arterial oxygen
Hypoxemia
265
Alveolar ventilation is inadequate to meet oxygen demand
Hypoventilation
266
Lungs remove carbon dioxide faster
Hyperventilation
267
Inadequate tissue oxygenation
Hypoxia
268
Hygiene
269
Serves several functions including protection, excretion, body temperature regulation, and
cutaneous sensation
Skin
270
Consists of the lips surrounding the opening of the mouth, cheeks running along the
sidewalls of the cavity, the tongue & its muscles & the hard & soft palate
Oral Cavity
271
Dry mouth
Xerostomia
272
Inflammation of the gums
Gingivitis
273
Tooth decay
Dental caries
274
Practices focus on care of the scalp, axilla, and pubic areas
Hair
275
Factors influencing hygiene
Social practices
Personal preferences
Body image
Socioeconomic status
Health beliefs and motivation
Cultural variable
Developmental stage
Physical condition
276
Inflammation of oral mucous membranes
Mucositis
277
