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Clinical Pathology (mine) > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

Define haemopoiesis

A

the physiological developmental process that gives rise to the cellular components of blood

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of a haemopoietic stem cell?

A
  • differentiation potential for all lineages
  • high proliferative potential
  • long term activity throughout the lifespan of the individual
  • self renewal
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3
Q

Describe symmetric self-renewal

A

Divide and produce 2 cells identical to itself:

increase stem cell pool, gives no differentiation of progeny

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4
Q

Describe asymmetric self-renewal

A

division into one stem cell and one progenitor:

maintain stem cell pool, generate differentiated progeny

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5
Q

Describe lack of self-renewal

A

division into two progenitors - generation of ONLY differentiated progeny

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6
Q

What lineage are granulocytes, erythrocytes and platelets all a part of?

A

myeloid

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7
Q

What lineage are B and T lymphocytes a part of?

A

lymphoid

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8
Q

When does haemopoiesis start?

A

day 27

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9
Q

Where is the origin of haemopoiesis?

A

aorto-gonado-medonephros

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10
Q

What are the functiosn of blood?

A
  • oxygen transport
  • coagulation
  • immune response to infection
  • immune response to abnormal cells
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11
Q

What is the lifespan of a RBC?

A

120 days in blood

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12
Q

Define anaemia

A

reduced red blood cells

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13
Q

What is polycythaemia?

A

raised red blood cells

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14
Q

What is relative polycythaemia?

A

when plasma volume is reduced (so RBC count is relatively higher)

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15
Q

What might cause neutrophilia?

A

bacterial infection or inflammation

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16
Q

What is the life span of a neutrophil?

A

6-8 hours in blood

17
Q

What is a common cause of neutropenia?

A

certain drugs or in autoimmune disease

18
Q

What might cause eosinophilia?

A

parasitic infections or allergies

19
Q

What may cause basophilia?

A

chronic myeloid leukaemia

20
Q

Describe monocytes

A

phagocytic and antigen presenting cells

21
Q

Once monocytes migrate to tissues, what are they identified as?

A

macrophages or hsitiocytes

22
Q

Describe natural killer cells

A

large granular lymphocytes that are part of the innate immune system

23
Q

Which blood cells rearrange the immunoglobulin genes to enable antigen specific antibody production?

A

B-lymphocytes

24
Q

When might you see lymphocytosis?

A
  • atypical lymphocytes of glandular fever

- chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

25
Q

When might you see lymphopenia?

A

post bone marrow transplant

26
Q

What are platelets derived from?

A

bone marrow megakaryocytes

27
Q

What does a coagulation screen test?

A

measures the time taken for a clot to form when plasma is mixed with specific reagents

28
Q

Define sensitivity

A

the proportion of abnormal results correctly classified by the test (ability to detect a true abnormality) TP/(TP+FN)

29
Q

Define specificity

A

the proportion of normal results correctly classified by the test (ability to exclude an abnormal result in a healthy person) TN/(TN+FP)

30
Q

What is the normal range for haemoglobin (g/L) for men and women?

A

men: 135-180
women: 115-160

31
Q

What is the normal range for WBC count for men and women (x10^9/L)

A

4.00-11.00 (same for men and women)

32
Q

What is the normal platelet count range (x10^9/L)?

A

150-400

33
Q

What is microcytic hypochromic anaemia?

A

-MCV

34
Q

What can cause micryocytic hypochromic anaemia>

A
  • iron deficiency
  • thalassaemia
  • anaemia of chronic disease
  • lead poisoning
35
Q

What is normocytic normochromic anaemia?

A

MCV and MCH appear normal

36
Q

What can cause normocytic normochromic anaemia?

A
  • haemolytic anaemias
  • anaemis of chronic disease
  • after acute blood loss
  • renal disease
  • bone marrow failure
37
Q

What is macrocytic anaemia?

A

MCV>95 fl

38
Q

What can cause non-megaloblastic macrocytic anaemia?

A
  • alcohol
  • liver disease
  • myelodysplasia
39
Q

What can cause megaloblastic macrocytic anaemia?

A

vitamin B12 or folate deficiency

Clinical Pathology (mine) (28 decks)

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