Haematopoiesis to Haematogram

Question 1

What is Haematopoiesis?

Answer 1

The production and development of different blood cell lineages

Question 2

What blood cell has the highest turnover rate?

Answer 2

erythrocytes

Question 3

Where in the foetus does haematopoesis begin?

Answer 3

begins in the yolk sac of the foetus

Question 4

Where does haematopoiesis shift to mid-gestation?

Answer 4

It shifts to the liver and the spleen
then bone marrow/lymphoid organs from mid-gestation onwards

Question 5

What replaces haematopoietic tissue as an animal ages?

Answer 5

Fat

Question 6

What can bone marrow sampling assess for?

Answer 6

Thrombocytopenia and Neutropenia

(Lack of platelets, lack of White Blood Cells)

Question 7

In what animals can you assess the sternum/ rib for haematopoiesis?

Answer 7

Horses/ large animals

Question 8

What animals have haematopoiesis in the kidneys?

Answer 8

Fish

Question 9

e.g what shape, where is the iron?

How are erythrocytes produced?

Answer 9

They are produced in islands with iron in the centre

called an called an erythroblastic island

Question 10

What are rubriblasts?

Answer 10

The first recognisable stage of erythricyte production

deep basophillic cytoplasm with a round nucleus

Question 11

What are prorubricytes?

Answer 11

The second stage of erythrocyte production
they have more nucleus but less cytoplasm

Question 12

What are rubricytes?

Answer 12

The last stage with a nuclues, the chromatin becomes progressively more clumped
develops from basophillic to a mature red

Question 13

What are polychromatophils?

Answer 13

Slightly larger than a mature erythrocyte, they contain no nucleus- more purple in appearance than a mature erythrocyte

Question 14

What is the principal growth factor of erythrocytes?

Answer 14

erythropoietin

produced in the kidney in adults, liver in the foetus

Question 15

What two stages of erythrocyte production are together called early erythoid

Answer 15

Rubriblasts and Prorubricytes

Question 16

How many days does it take to go from a rubroblast to a metorubricyte?

Answer 16

3-5 days

Question 17

What are some examples of inhibitors that inhibit erythropoiesis?

Answer 17

TGF-b, TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-6

Question 18

What is a myelocyte?

Answer 18

Stage at where it becomes recognisable as to the lineage which the cell will finally differentiate to

has a thick bean shaped nucleus and a high N:C ratio

Question 19

What is a metamyelocyte?

Answer 19

Where the cells become smaller in size with each division until they enter the segmented stage (nucleus narrows)

Question 20

What is granulopoiesis?

Answer 20

The production of neutrophils, eoisinophils and basophils

Question 21

What is thrombopoiesis

Answer 21

Production of thrombocytes/ blood platelets

Question 22

What is the main driver of thrombopoiesis?

Answer 22

Thrombopoietin (TPO)

Question 23

Where does the most production of thrombocytes occur?

Answer 23

The liver (endothelial cells)
The kidney and bone marrow stromal cells

Question 24

What are some thrombopoiesis inhibitors?

Answer 24

• PF4, TGF-b, IL-4, TNF-a

Question 25

What is PCV?

Answer 25

Packed cell content centrifugation of a well mixed anticoagulated sample to produce layers considered to be more reliable than blood smears

Question 26

What is an impedence counter?

Answer 26

Use the change in electrical charge generated by the passage of the cell to allow counting Different sizes of cells will generate different change

Question 27

What does an impedence counter produce?

Answer 27

It produces an histogram of the distribution cell population white cell count is usually the most reliable value

Question 28

What is light scatter flow cytometry?

Answer 28

Scatters light according to the size, complexity, granularity and diameter of the cell Produces a chart based on the results

Question 29

How does haemoglobin measurement work?

Answer 29

lyse all the red cells and what haemoglobin is left in the sample, then look at the difference between the light put in and the light detected

Question 30

What is non-regenerative anaemia?

Answer 30

The bone marrow is unable to produce sufficent new blood cells to replace the ones that die off naturally

Question 31

What is the last stage of an erythrocyte with a nucleus

Answer 31

rubricyte

Question 32

What are the promotors for Granulopoiesis?

Answer 32

IL-3, GM-CSF, G-CSF

Question 33

What are the stimulants for Thrombopoiesis?

Answer 33

IL-6

Question 34

What are the inhibitors for thrombopoiesis?

Answer 34

* PF4, TGF-B, IL-4, TNF- a

Question 35

What does IL-7 increase proliferation of?

Answer 35

T cells, B cells, and NK cells

Question 36

What other organs can haematopoiesis occur in mammals?

Answer 36

Thymus and spleen