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VMS 2005 > Proteins > Flashcards

Proteins Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

What organ synthesises the majority of proteins?

A

The majority are synthesised within the liver

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2
Q

Where are the majority of immunoglobins synthesised?

A

within the lymphocytes, particuarly B lymphocytes

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3
Q

What is panhypoproteinaemia

A

loss of all proteins/fractions

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4
Q

What is selective hypoproteinaemia?

A

Loss of specific proteins

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5
Q

What is Hyperproteinaemia?

A

High Blood Protein
Can be selective or non-selective

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6
Q

What is plasma?

A

anticoagulated blood

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7
Q

What is the serum?

A

The supernatant on top of the plasma

does not contain clotting factors

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8
Q

What is protein dyscrasia?

A

abnormal proteins

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9
Q

What is a colourimetric assay?

A

Using a colourimeter to determine the chemical concentration of a compound in solution by measuring the absorbance

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10
Q

What is a turbidometric assay?

A

Particle bound antibodies are mixed with the assay
The level of light transmitted reflects the amount of antigen in the solution

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11
Q

What are the three different types of electrophoresis?

A
  • Agarose gel
  • Cellulose acetate gel
  • Capillary zone electrophoresis
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12
Q

What is the most common individual protein in blood

A

albumin

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13
Q

In what type of animal is pre-albumin seen prominently?

A

in exotics

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14
Q

In what organ is albumin produced?

A

The liver

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15
Q

What is albumin predominantly responsible for?

A

For maintaining colloidal osmotic pressure
Binding cationic substances such as ca2+ and Mg2+

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16
Q

What are the two most common tests used to measure albumin?

A

Bromocrescol purple and Bromocrescol green

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17
Q

What is the issue with Bromocrescol green and exotic species?

A

It is not generally optimal for exotic species

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18
Q

How would you calculate globulin on a chemistry profile?

A

Total protein- albumin

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19
Q

What factor causes proteins to migrate to the left during electrophoresis?

A

Charge and weight

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20
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperproteinaemia?

A

Haemoconcentration (increase in the number of Red Blood Cells relative to the plasma)

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21
Q

What is non-selective hyperproteinaemia?

A

All fractions increase equally

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22
Q

What peak is albumin expected to be during protein electrophoresis?

A

It is generally the peak to the left and expected to be the tallest and narrowest at the base

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23
Q

What does monoclonal expansion look like?

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A

The protein peak has a base width similiar to albumin

24
Q

What does polyclonal expansion look like?

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A

The base of the peak is broad, it reflects the expansion of multiple different proteins in the face of inflammation

25
What are acute phase proteins?
Proteins that alter in response to inflammatory stimulus
26
What is a positive acute phase protein?
Where the levels increase in response to inflammation
27
What is a negative acute phase protein?
Levels decrease in response to inflammation
28
What is a major acute phase protein?
Levels change by 100-1000 fold, they usually peak 24-48 hours after insult and then rapidly decline
29
What is a moderate acute phase protein?
Increases 5-10 fold in response to inflammation, peaks around 48-72 hours, declines are slower than most APP's
30
What is a minor acute phase protein?
Increases 50-100% above resting levels, increases are gradual
31
What is the function of C-Reactive Protein? | major positive APP in dogs
On bacteria it promotes the binding of complement, facilitating phagocytosis It inhibits chemotaxis and modulation of neutrophil function
32
What can C-Reactive Protein be used to monitor?
Long term monitoring of refractory cases
33
What is Serum Amyloid A?
Major APP in the horse, often used for monitoring and assessing for inflammation * chemotactic recruitment of inflammatory cells to sites of inflammation
34
What two things lead to HypoProteinaemia?
* Increased Loss of Proteins * Decreased Production of Proteins
35
What can cause increased Loss of Proteins?
* Panhypoproteinaemia/ selective albumin loss * Blood loss (external haemorrage) * Protein losing nephropathy * Protein losing enteropathy * Protein losing dermatrophy
36
Name 4 things that can lead to decreased Protein production
* Hepatic insufficency * Malabsorption/ Maldigestion * Cachetic states * Lymphoid hypoplasia/ aplasia
37
What is another name for an antibody?
an immunoglobulin
38
What are the three different types of protein?
* alpha * beta * gamma
39
What are some examples of alpha proteins?
a1- lipoprotein a1- antitrypsin a1- antichymotrypsin a2- macroglobulin
40
What are some examples of beta proteins?
B1- haptoglobin B1- Transferrin B2- lipoproteins B2 Complement C3a B2 IgM and IgA
41
What are some examples of gamma proteins?
igG C-Reactive Protein
42
What is a monoclonal expansion of globulin, shown by an increase in a narrow peak on the right most likely to be?
neoplasia
43
What is the definition of an acute phase protein?
Protein where the levels either increase or decrease due to inflammation
44
What is the issue with using bromocrescol purple to measure albumin?
can give false low levels in dogs
45
What is the most common cause of hyperproteinaemia?
haemoconcentration (loss of plasma H2O)
46
What would the protein electrophoresis peak look like during monoclonal expansion?
Usually in the gamma region (far right) Same width as albumin
47
What does the polyclonal expansion peak look like in proetin electrophoresis?
Base of the peak is broad ## Footnote examples include FIP in cats
48
Give four examples of positive acute phase proteins
* C-reactive * Serum amyloid * Haptoglobin * Fribrinogen
49
Give two examples of negative acute phase proteins
* albumin * transferrin
50
What is alpha one acid glycoprotein?
* antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory agent * binds to liphophillic and acidic drugs * levels are associated with FIP
51
What is haptoglobin?
* Binds free haemoglobin * Natural antagonist for receptor-ligand activation * Often used in cattle
52
What is the challenge when proteins are increased and there is a possibility of dehydration?
can be challenging to assess if there may be increase in proteins due to haemoconcentration or due to increased production in response to inflammatory demand
53
What are some ways proteins can be lost?
* panhypoproteinaemia (selective blood loss) * protein-losing nephropathy * Protein-losing enteropathy * Protein-losing dermatopathy (e.g burns)
54
What causes decreased production of proteins?
* Hepatic insufficiency ( albumin is the most affected) * malabsorption or maldigestion * cachetic state
55
What is failure of passive transfer?
inadequate amounts of immunoglobulin are aborsbed prior to gut closure leaving the neonate susceptible to disease

VMS 2005 (33 decks)

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