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Patient Care 2 > Haematopoietic System Disease > Flashcards

Haematopoietic System Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What treatment can be done for clotting disorders?

A
  • Blood or plasma transfusion
  • Treat signs of anaemia if present (eg. O2)
  • Recognition and treatment of underlying disease (eg. vitamin K/calcium, lungworm treatment, cause of DIC/heat stroke
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2
Q

What nursing care can be done for a patient with a clotting disorder?

A
  • Monitor vital signs
  • Quiet and gentle handling
  • Monitoring during treatment procedures
  • Blood sample from peripheral vein
  • Avoid IM injections (risk of bleeding into muscle)
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3
Q

Leukopenia

A

White blood cells abnormally low

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4
Q

What investigations may be done for a suspected clotting disorder?

A
  • Obtain clinical history
  • Physical examination
  • Faecal and urine analysis
  • Haematological investigations (eg. Full haematology and biochemistry, smear for platelet count and aggregation, clotting profile for secondary disorders, buccal mucosal bleeding time (BMBT) for primary disorders)
  • Imaging

(If normal platelet count but prolonged BMBT may suggest secondary clotting disorder, eg liver disease, von willebrand disease)

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5
Q

What clinical signs may be seen with primary Haemostatic disorders?

A

-Small (petechiae) and large bruises
-Often multiple sites
-Prolonged bleeding from cuts
-Epistaxis
-Venepuncture bleeding common
Surface bleeding common (often MMs and skin)

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6
Q

What clinical signs may be seen with secondary haemostatic disorders?

A
  • Haematomas common
  • Often localised site of bleed
  • Rebleeding from cuts
  • Venepuncture usually uncomplicated
  • Deep and cavity bleeds common (eg. joints and abdominal or thoracic cavity)
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7
Q

Identify some clinical signs of anaemia

A
  • Collapse, lethargy and exercise intolerance
  • Pale MMs (may see jaundice in severe cases)
  • Dyspnoea/tachypnoea
  • Tachycardia
  • Widespread lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly
  • Pica (eat things not food)
  • Other things related to cause
  • Cold extremeties
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8
Q

Identify the difference between regenerative and non-regenerative anaemia

A

Regenerative = Bone marrow healthy and responds to the best of its abilities to correct the anaemia. Immature RBC’s (reticulocytes) may be seen on blood smear

Non-regenerative = Bone marrow fails to respond adequately to the anaemia and does not produce adequate new RBS’s

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9
Q

What are the causes of non-regenerative anaemia?

A
  • Disorders of the bone marrow

- Suppression of bone marrow due to other disease

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10
Q

What are the causes of regenerative anaemia?

A
  • Blood loss (haemorrhage) -> trauma or coagulopathies

- Blood cells burst (haemolytic) -> Primary or secondary IMHA, infection, toxins, neonatal isoerythrolysis

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11
Q

What are the types of anaemia?

A

Non-regenerative and regenerative

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12
Q

Haemopoiesis

A

Process by which blood cells are produced from bone marrow (in long bones, pelvis, sternum and skin)

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13
Q

What may be the reason for secondary haemostatic defects?

A

Usually acquired

  • Genetic disorders (eg haemophilia)
  • Lack of vitamin K or calcium (diet, rat poison)
  • Liver disease
  • Toxicity (rat poison)
  • Lactating bitch
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Mal absorption disorder
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14
Q

What is disseminated intravascular coagulation and what is it associated with?

A

Rare but serious condition that causes abnormal blood clotting throughout the body’s blood vessels

  • Some viral infections
  • Neoplasia
  • Heat stroke
  • Liver disease
  • IMHA
  • Lungworm
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15
Q

What may clotting disorders be classed/grouped as?

A
  • Primary haemostatic disorders (congenital)

- Secondary haemostatic disorders (acquired)

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16
Q

What may be the reason for primary haemostatic defects?

A
  • Vessel wall defects
  • Von Willebrands disease (common in Dobermans)
  • Quantitative or qualitative disorders of platelets
17
Q

What may be the reason for congenital platelet disorders?

A
  • Disorders of the bone marrow
  • Feto-maternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FMAIT)
  • Primary immune mediated thrombocytopenia (IMTP)
18
Q

What may be the reason for acquired platelet disorders?

A
  • Secondary IMTP (vaccinations, viruses)
  • Bone marrow tumour
  • Suppression of the bone marrow due to other disease
  • Haemorrhage
  • Drugs (eg. aspirin - anti platelet)
19
Q

What treatment can be done for an anaemic patient?

A
  • Blood transfusion
  • Oxygen therapy
  • Recognition and treatment of underlying disease (eg. chemo, erythropoietin therapy and bone marrow stimulation)
20
Q

What nursing care is needed for an anaemic patient?

A
  • Monitoring vital signs
  • Restricted exercise and excitement/stress
  • Monitoring during treatment procedures
  • Blood sampling
21
Q

What investigations may be done for a patient with suspected anaemia?

A
  • Confirm with PCV
  • Blood smear
  • Full haematology and biochemistry -Saline agglutination test
  • Imaging (X-ray/USS to identify haemorrhaging)
  • Bone marrow biopsy
22
Q

What nursing care can be done for a patient wit a blood blood cell disorder?

A
  • Monitor vital signs
  • Administering chemotherapy under VS direction
  • Practice safe handling of chemotherapeutic drugs and excreted waste and fluids from patient
  • Offer palatable foods
  • Fresh water provision
  • Keeping patient clean and comfortable
23
Q

What investigation may be done for a patient with a suspected white blood cell disorder?

A
  • Clinical history
  • Clinical examination
  • Haematological investigation
  • Cytology (FNA/Biopsy)
  • Imaging
24
Q

What treatment can be done for a patient with a white blood cell disorder?

A
  • Recognition and treatment of underlying disease (eg. chemotherapy)
  • Fluid therapy
  • Treatment of secondary infections (if present)
25
Q

What are the possible causes for white blood cell orders?

A
  • Genetic
  • Autoimmune disease
  • Viruses (eg. FIV)
  • Cancer (eg. leukaemia or lymphoma)
26
Q

What clinical signs may be seen for a patient with a white blood cell disorder?

A
  • Frequent infections
  • Weight loss
  • Anorexia/inappetence
  • Vomiting and diarrhoea
  • Enlarged lymph nodes and splenomegaly
  • Clotting disorders
  • Clinical signs associated with other organs affected
27
Q

Leukocytosis

A

White blood cells abnormally high

Patient Care 2 (13 decks)

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