Skin and coat diseases Flashcards
(41 cards)
1
Q
Pruritus
A
Intense and persistent itching
2
Q
Dermatitis
A
Inflammation of skin
3
Q
Erosions
A
Ulcer that goes to depth of basement membrane
4
Q
Erythema
A
Reddening of skin caused by capillary congestion
5
Q
Exocoriation
A
Superficial erosions or ulcers caused by scratching or abrasion
6
Q
Furunculosis
A
Deep infection of the hair follicle leading to abscess formation with accumulation of pus and necrotic tissue
7
Q
Hyperkeratosis
A
Thickening of the stratum corneum from an increased number of keratinised cells
8
Q
Plaques
A
Raised flat topped lesions
9
Q
Pustule
A
Circumscribed epidermal or dermal accumulation of purulent exudate
10
Q
What is pyoderma?
A
- Bacterial skin disease mainly seen in dogs
- Commonly seen as a secondary to other disorders
11
Q
Seborrheoa
A
Increase in the scaling of the skin, with or without an increase in sebum production
12
Q
What are the clinical signs and causes of pyoderma?
A
Clinical signs:
- Pustules
- Exudative lesions
- Scabs/crusts
- Scratching
- Pyrexia
- Odour
- Loss of appetite/behavioural changes
Causes:
- Staphylococcus intermedius
- Proteus Pseudomonas
- Pastuerella (cat bites)
13
Q
What are the 3 types of pyoderma?
A
- Surface pyoderma (skin fold dermatitis/acute moist dermatitis)
- Superficial pyoderma (impetigo/folliculitis)
- Deep pyoderma (furunclosis/pododermatitis)
14
Q
What is urticaria?
A
- Allergic dermatitis
- Causes multiple raised reddened circumscribed areas of erythema and oedema
- Usually pruritic
- Oedema may extend deep into dermis and subcutaneous tissues
- Usually seen in superficial layers
15
Q
What are the causes and treatments for urticaria?
A
Causes:
- Drugs sensitivity
- Insect bites
- Bee/wasp stings
Treatments:
- Corticosteroids
- Removal of reason for reaction
16
Q
What are the causes and treatments for urticaria?
A
Causes:
- Drugs sensitivity
- Insect bites
- Bee/wasp stings
Treatments:
- Corticosteroids
- Removal of reason for reaction
17
Q
What is atopic dermatitis?
A
Itchy dermatitis in response to ingestion/inhalation/direct contact of antigens
18
Q
What are the diagnostics of atopic dermatitis?
A
- Intradermal skin tests
- Multiple allergen tests
- Blood tests
19
Q
What are the treatments for atopic dermatitis?
A
- Avoid contact with cause
- Injections of allergens
- Corticosteroids
- Essential fatty acids
- Antihistamines
20
Q
What clinical signs are seen with hypothyroidism?
A
- Mainly seen in dogs and rare in cats
- Common in middle aged animals
- Slow regrowth of hair/seborrhoea/pyoderma/hyperpigmentation/bilateral alopecia
- Weight gain
21
Q
What are the treatments for hypothyroidism?
A
- Hormone drugs (eg. levothyroxine)
- Treat cause and/or secondary skin disorders (eg. antibiotic/malaseb)
22
Q
What clinical signs may be present with hyperadrenocorticism (cushings)?
A
- Bilateral alopecia
- Dull/dry hair
- Skin becomes thin/inelastic (especially ventral abdominal)
- Ascites (pot belly)
- Veins are visible
- Scaling of the skin
- Comedomes (caused by follicular plugging)
- Bruising
- More common in dogs
23
Q
What treatment can be done for hyperadrenocorticism (cushings)?
A
- Surgical
- Medical
- Radiation therapy
24
Q
What are some examples of hormonal alopecia?
A
- Hyperthyroidism
- Hyperadrenocorticism
- Sertoli call tumour
- Canine ovarian imbalance
25
What clinical signs are seen with hormonal alopecia?
- Hyperpigmented skin
- Dry and brittle coat
- Does not cause itching
26
What clinical signs may be seen with feline symmetric alopecia?
- Bilateral symmetrical alopecia
- Alopecia moves to forelegs (below elbow above carpus) and ventrally involving two thirds of the flank
- Cat can remain normal
27
What is the treatment for feline symmetric alopecia?
- Thyroid hormone replacement
- Megoestral acetate therapy
- Testosterone therapy (male and females)
28
What is hyperoestrogenism in male canines?
- Testicular tumour (Sertoli cell tumour) in middle/old entire dogs
- Skin disorder associated is bilateral alopecia
- Treatment is castration
29
What are the clinical signs of canine ovarian imbalance type I hyperoestrogenism?
- Seen in middle aged entire bitches
- Bilateral symmetrical alopecia beginning in perineal and genital areas
- Hyperpigmentation as disorder progresses
- Enlarged teats
- Seborrhoea (oily skin) and pruritus (itchy skin) may occur
- Normally seen in bitches with a history of abnormal oestrus cycles
- Often associated with ovarian tumours or cystic ovaries
- Treatment is to spay BUT symptoms may continue for a further 6 months
30
What is type II Oestrogen-responsive dermatosis?
- Female dogs that are prematurely neutered
- Alopecia in perineal/genital areas, spreading to flanks and upper legs
- Teats and vulva infertile
- Often incontinent
- Due to lack of oestrogen production
- Hormone therapy will be needed
31
What is dermatophytosis?
- A.K.A ringworm (fungal dermatitis)
- Round hairless patches will crusty, scabby skin
- May be sore or itchy but can also cause no discomfort
32
What is dermatophytosis?
- A.K.A ringworm (fungal dermatitis)
- Round hairless patches will crusty, scabby skin
- May be sore or itchy but can also cause no discomfort
33
What are the causes and treatment for dermatophytosis?
Causes:
- Fungal infection (dermatophytes)
- Trichophyton or microsporum families
Treatment:
- Isolate from other animals
- Clip around lesions/remove scabs
- Antifungal shampoos
- Repeat treatments
- Exposure to air and sun
34
What are the 4 stages of wound healing?
1. Inflammation
2. Debridement
3. Repair
4. Maturation
35
Explain how initial wound management would be carried out?
- Clean wound and remove necrotic tissue (debridement)
- If suspected infection culture should be taken
- Gently clean and flush wound at a pressure of 8psi (can be achieved using 18g needle)
- Wounds heal better when maintained in moist environment
- Ideally open wounds should be bandaged but not always possible
36
Explain how debridement can be carried out for wounds
Surgical:
- Drape as would for surgery
- Use scalpel to cut away necrotic tissue
- Change surgical kit once all damaged tissue removed
Debridement dressings:
- Used in initial stages until no infection or necrotic tissue present
- Do not leave on for longer than 24hrs
- Egs. hydrogels, hydrocolloids and adherent dressings
37
What are the types of healing processes recognised?
1. Primary union/first intention healing
2. Secondary closure/second intention closure
3. Delayed primary union/third intention healing
38
Explain how each of the healing processes work
1. First intention healing:
- Wound formed by clean incision and sutured immediately
- Minimal scar formation and skin edges unite firmly
2. Second intention healing:
-More significant tissue loss so not possible to close surgically
-Wound is left open to heal via granulation
-Use dressing and may progress to secondary closure in large wound
Secondary closure:
-Heavily contaminated, tissue damage
-Manage as open until good granulation cover then close
3. Third intention healing:
- Contaminated, manage as open until infection/FB removed
- Wound left open for a few days until granulation bed forms then its sutured (secondary closure)
39
What are the use of wound drains?
- Allows removal of fluid/gas from a surgical or traumatic wound
- Remove inflammatory mediators, bacteria, foreign material and necrotic tissue
- Relieve pressure
- Allow easy sampling of fluid during healing
- Eliminate dead space
40
What are the wound drain classifications and how do they work?
Open systems:
- Passive
- Rely on gravity
- Body movement
- Pressure differentials
- Overflow to remove gas/fluid
Closed systems:
- Active
- Rely on negative pressure created by the drain
41
What are some possible complications of drains?
Higher risk of infection
- Ascending infection
- FB reaction to brain
Vascular damage
-Pressure necrosis of arterial wall
Blockage
- Clogged
- Lose suction (active)
- Failure
Electrolyte imbalance
-High fluid production and loss leading to metabolic derangements and hypoproteinemia
