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Patient Care 2 > Skin and coat diseases > Flashcards

Skin and coat diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Pruritus

A

Intense and persistent itching

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2
Q

Dermatitis

A

Inflammation of skin

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3
Q

Erosions

A

Ulcer that goes to depth of basement membrane

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4
Q

Erythema

A

Reddening of skin caused by capillary congestion

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5
Q

Exocoriation

A

Superficial erosions or ulcers caused by scratching or abrasion

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6
Q

Furunculosis

A

Deep infection of the hair follicle leading to abscess formation with accumulation of pus and necrotic tissue

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7
Q

Hyperkeratosis

A

Thickening of the stratum corneum from an increased number of keratinised cells

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8
Q

Plaques

A

Raised flat topped lesions

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9
Q

Pustule

A

Circumscribed epidermal or dermal accumulation of purulent exudate

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10
Q

What is pyoderma?

A
  • Bacterial skin disease mainly seen in dogs

- Commonly seen as a secondary to other disorders

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11
Q

Seborrheoa

A

Increase in the scaling of the skin, with or without an increase in sebum production

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12
Q

What are the clinical signs and causes of pyoderma?

A

Clinical signs:

  • Pustules
  • Exudative lesions
  • Scabs/crusts
  • Scratching
  • Pyrexia
  • Odour
  • Loss of appetite/behavioural changes

Causes:

  • Staphylococcus intermedius
  • Proteus Pseudomonas
  • Pastuerella (cat bites)
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13
Q

What are the 3 types of pyoderma?

A
  • Surface pyoderma (skin fold dermatitis/acute moist dermatitis)
  • Superficial pyoderma (impetigo/folliculitis)
  • Deep pyoderma (furunclosis/pododermatitis)
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14
Q

What is urticaria?

A
  • Allergic dermatitis
  • Causes multiple raised reddened circumscribed areas of erythema and oedema
  • Usually pruritic
  • Oedema may extend deep into dermis and subcutaneous tissues
  • Usually seen in superficial layers
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15
Q

What are the causes and treatments for urticaria?

A

Causes:

  • Drugs sensitivity
  • Insect bites
  • Bee/wasp stings

Treatments:

  • Corticosteroids
  • Removal of reason for reaction
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16
Q

What are the causes and treatments for urticaria?

A

Causes:

  • Drugs sensitivity
  • Insect bites
  • Bee/wasp stings

Treatments:

  • Corticosteroids
  • Removal of reason for reaction
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17
Q

What is atopic dermatitis?

A

Itchy dermatitis in response to ingestion/inhalation/direct contact of antigens

18
Q

What are the diagnostics of atopic dermatitis?

A
  • Intradermal skin tests
  • Multiple allergen tests
  • Blood tests
19
Q

What are the treatments for atopic dermatitis?

A
  • Avoid contact with cause
  • Injections of allergens
  • Corticosteroids
  • Essential fatty acids
  • Antihistamines
20
Q

What clinical signs are seen with hypothyroidism?

A
  • Mainly seen in dogs and rare in cats
  • Common in middle aged animals
  • Slow regrowth of hair/seborrhoea/pyoderma/hyperpigmentation/bilateral alopecia
  • Weight gain
21
Q

What are the treatments for hypothyroidism?

A
  • Hormone drugs (eg. levothyroxine)

- Treat cause and/or secondary skin disorders (eg. antibiotic/malaseb)

22
Q

What clinical signs may be present with hyperadrenocorticism (cushings)?

A
  • Bilateral alopecia
  • Dull/dry hair
  • Skin becomes thin/inelastic (especially ventral abdominal)
  • Ascites (pot belly)
  • Veins are visible
  • Scaling of the skin
  • Comedomes (caused by follicular plugging)
  • Bruising
  • More common in dogs
23
Q

What treatment can be done for hyperadrenocorticism (cushings)?

A
  • Surgical
  • Medical
  • Radiation therapy
24
Q

What are some examples of hormonal alopecia?

A
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Hyperadrenocorticism
  • Sertoli call tumour
  • Canine ovarian imbalance
25
Q

What clinical signs are seen with hormonal alopecia?

A
  • Hyperpigmented skin
  • Dry and brittle coat
  • Does not cause itching
26
Q

What clinical signs may be seen with feline symmetric alopecia?

A
  • Bilateral symmetrical alopecia
  • Alopecia moves to forelegs (below elbow above carpus) and ventrally involving two thirds of the flank
  • Cat can remain normal
27
Q

What is the treatment for feline symmetric alopecia?

A
  • Thyroid hormone replacement
  • Megoestral acetate therapy
  • Testosterone therapy (male and females)
28
Q

What is hyperoestrogenism in male canines?

A
  • Testicular tumour (Sertoli cell tumour) in middle/old entire dogs
  • Skin disorder associated is bilateral alopecia
  • Treatment is castration
29
Q

What are the clinical signs of canine ovarian imbalance type I hyperoestrogenism?

A
  • Seen in middle aged entire bitches
  • Bilateral symmetrical alopecia beginning in perineal and genital areas
  • Hyperpigmentation as disorder progresses
  • Enlarged teats
  • Seborrhoea (oily skin) and pruritus (itchy skin) may occur
  • Normally seen in bitches with a history of abnormal oestrus cycles
  • Often associated with ovarian tumours or cystic ovaries
  • Treatment is to spay BUT symptoms may continue for a further 6 months
30
Q

What is type II Oestrogen-responsive dermatosis?

A
  • Female dogs that are prematurely neutered
  • Alopecia in perineal/genital areas, spreading to flanks and upper legs
  • Teats and vulva infertile
  • Often incontinent
  • Due to lack of oestrogen production
  • Hormone therapy will be needed
31
Q

What is dermatophytosis?

A
  • A.K.A ringworm (fungal dermatitis)
  • Round hairless patches will crusty, scabby skin
  • May be sore or itchy but can also cause no discomfort
32
Q

What is dermatophytosis?

A
  • A.K.A ringworm (fungal dermatitis)
  • Round hairless patches will crusty, scabby skin
  • May be sore or itchy but can also cause no discomfort
33
Q

What are the causes and treatment for dermatophytosis?

A

Causes:

  • Fungal infection (dermatophytes)
  • Trichophyton or microsporum families

Treatment:

  • Isolate from other animals
  • Clip around lesions/remove scabs
  • Antifungal shampoos
  • Repeat treatments
  • Exposure to air and sun
34
Q

What are the 4 stages of wound healing?

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Debridement
  3. Repair
  4. Maturation
35
Q

Explain how initial wound management would be carried out?

A
  • Clean wound and remove necrotic tissue (debridement)
  • If suspected infection culture should be taken
  • Gently clean and flush wound at a pressure of 8psi (can be achieved using 18g needle)
  • Wounds heal better when maintained in moist environment
  • Ideally open wounds should be bandaged but not always possible
36
Q

Explain how debridement can be carried out for wounds

A

Surgical:

  • Drape as would for surgery
  • Use scalpel to cut away necrotic tissue
  • Change surgical kit once all damaged tissue removed

Debridement dressings:

  • Used in initial stages until no infection or necrotic tissue present
  • Do not leave on for longer than 24hrs
  • Egs. hydrogels, hydrocolloids and adherent dressings
37
Q

What are the types of healing processes recognised?

A
  1. Primary union/first intention healing
  2. Secondary closure/second intention closure
  3. Delayed primary union/third intention healing
38
Q

Explain how each of the healing processes work

A
  1. First intention healing:
    - Wound formed by clean incision and sutured immediately
    - Minimal scar formation and skin edges unite firmly
  2. Second intention healing:
    -More significant tissue loss so not possible to close surgically
    -Wound is left open to heal via granulation
    -Use dressing and may progress to secondary closure in large wound
    Secondary closure:
    -Heavily contaminated, tissue damage
    -Manage as open until good granulation cover then close
  3. Third intention healing:
    - Contaminated, manage as open until infection/FB removed
    - Wound left open for a few days until granulation bed forms then its sutured (secondary closure)
39
Q

What are the use of wound drains?

A
  • Allows removal of fluid/gas from a surgical or traumatic wound
  • Remove inflammatory mediators, bacteria, foreign material and necrotic tissue
  • Relieve pressure
  • Allow easy sampling of fluid during healing
  • Eliminate dead space
40
Q

What are the wound drain classifications and how do they work?

A

Open systems:

  • Passive
  • Rely on gravity
  • Body movement
  • Pressure differentials
  • Overflow to remove gas/fluid

Closed systems:

  • Active
  • Rely on negative pressure created by the drain
41
Q

What are some possible complications of drains?

A

Higher risk of infection

  • Ascending infection
  • FB reaction to brain

Vascular damage
-Pressure necrosis of arterial wall

Blockage

  • Clogged
  • Lose suction (active)
  • Failure

Electrolyte imbalance
-High fluid production and loss leading to metabolic derangements and hypoproteinemia

Patient Care 2 (13 decks)

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