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Biology AS > Haemoglobin & Circulatory System > Flashcards

Haemoglobin & Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Haemoglobin is a quaternary protein with high affinity. What does high affinity mean?

A

Will readily combine with oxygen

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2
Q

What is partial pressure a measure of?

A

Oxygen concentration

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3
Q

What does haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen depend on?

A

Partial pressure of oxygen

Oxygen loads in high pp, unloads in low pp

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4
Q

What does 100% saturation on the oxygen dissociation curve mean?

A

Every haemoglobin is carrying 4 oxygen molecules

High partial pressure of oxygen means high affinity

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5
Q

What does 0% saturation on the oxygen dissociation curve mean?

A

No haemoglobin carrying oxygen

Low partial pressure, low saturation

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6
Q

Why is the oxygen dissociation curve S shaped?

A

First oxygen binds to haemoglobin and causes change in shape
Allows next 2 oxygen to join easier
As haemoglobin is more saturated, it’s harder for oxygen molecules to join

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7
Q

An increase of CO2 shifts the oxygen dissociation curve which way?

A

Right

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8
Q

An increase in pH shifts the oxygen dissociation curve which way?

A

Left

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9
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

More oxygen is released in tissues with higher partial pressure of CO2

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10
Q

Explain the Bohr effect on the oxygen dissociation curve

A

Haemoglobin gives up oxygen at high partial pressures of CO2
Cells respire and produce CO2
Increases rate of oxygen unloading
Curve shifts right

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11
Q

An organism who lives in low oxygen concentrations- will it have a higher or lower affinity?

A

Higher

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12
Q

If an organism is very active and oxygen is in high demand, will they have a high or low oxygen affinity?

A

Low

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13
Q

What is a mass transport system?

A

Moving substances over large distances

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14
Q

Why do multicellular organisms need mass transport systems and specialised exchange organs?

A

Small surface area to volume ratio

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15
Q

The circulatory system is made up of what?

A

Heart

Blood vessels

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16
Q

There are two circulatory systems. Where do they go?

A

Lungs

Rest of body

17
Q

What arteries provide blood supply to the heart muscle?

A

Left and right coronary arteries

18
Q

Renal associates with which organ?

A

Kidney

19
Q

Hepatic associates with which organ?

A

Liver

20
Q

Describe the structure of arteries and explain why they are needed

A

Elastic tissue to stretch and recoil
Folded endothelium to maintain pressure
Thick muscular walls to be under high pressure

21
Q

All arteries carry oxygenated blood except which artery?

A

Pulmonary artery

Carries deoxygenated blood to lungs

22
Q

Arteries split into arterioles. How do arterioles direct blood flow to areas in demand?

A

Arterioles contain muscles

Can contract to restrict blood flow

23
Q

Describe the structure and function of veins

A

Take blood back to heart under low pressure
Wide lumen with little elastic tissue
Valves to prevent back flow of blood

24
Q

How is blood flow through veins encouraged?

A

Muscle contraction

25
Q

All veins carry deoxygenated blood except which vein?

A

Pulmonary which carries oxygenated blood to heart

26
Q

How are arterioles adapted for efficient gas exchange

A

One cell thick
Near exchange tissues
Large number of capillaries increase SA

27
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A

Fluid/liquid that surrounds cells in tissues

28
Q

What is tissue fluid made from?

A

Small molecules which leave blood plasma

Water/oxygen/nutrients

29
Q

What makes up blood?

A

Suspended in blood plasma containing water, nutrients, oxygen
Red/white blood cells
Platelets - cell fragments

30
Q

Tissue fluid is formed by what?

A

Pressure filtration

31
Q

What happens to excess tissue fluid?

A

Drained into lymphatic system

Returned into circulatory system

32
Q

What is the purpose of tissue fluid?

A

Cells release metabolic waste into it

Absorb oxygen and nutrients from it

33
Q

High blood pressure can lead to accumulation of tissue fluid. Why?

A

High blood pressure means high hydrostatic pressure

34
Q

Describe pressure filtration to form tissue fluid

A

Hydrostatic pressure in capillaries is greater than tissue fluid
Pressure forces fluid out of capillaries into space around the cells
Hydrostatic pressure in capillaries lowers and there is fluid loss
Also contains more plasma proteins therefore low water potential
Water re enters capillaries by osmosis

Biology AS (14 decks)

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