HAL: Forearm flexor and superficial hand

Question 1

k

Answer 1

h

Question 2

which superficial forearm muscle is it?

Answer 2

flexor carpi radialis

Question 3

which superficial forearm muscle is it?

Answer 3

palmaris longus

Question 4

Answer 4

flexor digitorum superficialis

Question 5

O and I of flexor carpi ulnaris

Answer 5

O-common flexor tendon
I-pisiform carpal bone which is attached tometacarpals 5 and 4

Question 6

Answer 6

flexor digitorum superficialis

Question 7

which superficial forearm muscle is it?

Answer 7

pronator teres m

Question 8

which superficial forearm muscle is it?

Answer 8

flexor carpi ulnaris

Question 9

Answer 9

flexor retinaculum of wrist

Question 10

which deep forearm muscle is it?

Answer 10

flexor digitoum profundus

Question 11

which deep forearm muscle is it?

Answer 11

flexor pollicis longus

Question 12

which deep forearm muscle is it?

Answer 12

pronator quadratus

Question 13

Answer 13

Question 14

what is going on here?

Answer 14

-proximal radial fracture
->the joint space between the radial head and the capitalum of the humerus is not evenly spaced( slightly narrower anteriorly than posteriorly)

-dark triangular lucencies on either side of the humerus displaced away from their normal position by the fluid which is now filling the joint space- joint effusion
in normal lateral x-ray of the elbow may expect to see some of the anterior fat pad sitting tightly to the humerus, BUT posterior fat pads should never be visible with a flexed elbow

radial head fractures are more common cause of sail-sign in adults. While supracondular distal humeral fractures are one of the more common reasons to see this in children

arthritis or infection can also cause sail-sign
-> effusion=any fluid within the joint space, not necesseraly just blood resulting from a fracture

Question 15

is this normal?

Answer 15

yes

do not mistake the large gap between the ulna and the carpal bones for a fracture

Question 16

Answer 16

Question 17

Answer 17

Question 18

when a ring breaks it…

Answer 18

breaks in 2 places

Question 19

Answer 19

Question 20

PA vs AP view

Answer 20

PA vs AP - These terms indicate the direction which the X-ray beam has passed through the limb. I.e. from posterior to anterior (PA) or from anterior to posterior (AP). In certain anatomical areas noting the distinction between the two matters, such as in chest x-rays where the different orientations can magnify and clarify structures in different ways. For smaller anatomical areas, like the hand, there may be a convention to go one way over the other but the net result is unlikely to be different either way so don’t worry too much about getting them the wrong way round for now. (You won’t be marked down if you put PA instead of AP (or vice versa))

Question 21

Can you see the small bones on the palmar aspect of the distal metacarpal? These are sesamoid bones associated with the tendons crossing the joint. It is a bit hard to see in this view but there are actually two on either side of the joint. Keep your eye for them as you go through the other slides. You may spot more at other joints and they are good to be aware of for later in your training but you are not expected to identify them as part of this tutorial series

Answer 21

(revision)

Question 22

Answer 22

Question 23

Answer 23