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Hallucinogens Flashcards

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1
Q

hallucinogens

A

includes a wide variety of different substances and compounds

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2
Q

hallucinogens are drugs that alter

A

perception, conscious awareness, mood, thinking processes & physiology

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3
Q

perception

A

sensory disturbances

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4
Q

more than 90 different of these produce these kinds of effects

A

different plant species and more synthetic agents

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5
Q

serotonergic hallucinogens examples

A

LSD, mescaline (peyote), psilocybin (mushrooms)

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6
Q

serotonergic hallucinogens influence in the brain

A

influence serotonergic transmission in the brain
all bind to 5-HT2A- serotonin receptor
vivid visual hallucinations
alleviate signs of depression, PTSD, OCD

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7
Q

methylated amphetamines examples

A

structurally like amphetamines
MDA & MDMA

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8
Q

methylated amphetamines influence on the brain

A

produce changes in mood and consciousness
few sensory changes- no vivid hallucinations
act on dopamine, norepinephrine & serotonin synapses
do NOT bind to 5-HT2A

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9
Q

anticholinergic hallucinogens examples

A

less familiar than most
mandrake, henbane, belladonna, jimsonweed

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10
Q

anticholinergic hallucinogens influence on the brain

A

produce a dream-like trance
users often have no memory of the experience
antagonists of acetylcholine
muscarinic receptors

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11
Q

phencyclidine examples

A

PCP (angel dust), ketamine
dissociative anesthetics

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12
Q

dissociative anesthetics

A

produces surgical anesthesia while patient remains semiconscious
thought to act on glutamate- excitatory neurotransmitter

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13
Q

salvinorin

A

kappa hallucinogen
salvia divinorum
generally not well understood
seems to act on opiate receptors/kappa receptors

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14
Q

serotonergic hallucinogens

A

often used by indigenous peoples of Central & South America & different groups across Africa
frequently used in religious ceremonies
all produce vivid visual hallucinations
drugs entered mainstream European & American culture in the 1960s

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15
Q

Albert Hofmann

A

discovered LSD in 1938
Hofmann was studying derivatives of ergot (fungus that infests grain & causes disease)
ergot derivatives = several medical uses

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16
Q

medical uses of ergot derivatives

A

treatment of migraines & uterine contractions during pregnancy

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17
Q

synthesized lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25)

A

no obvious medical properties
1943 Hofmann spilled a small amount on his hand and it was absorbed
led him to studying the effects

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18
Q

psychotherapy and LSD

A

based on Hofmann’s experiences- LSD was distributed by Sandoz for use during psychotherapy
argued that the drug would break down a person’s ego
used on people like Cary Grant- “it changed my whole life”
most influential users: Timothy Leary (Harvard psychologist) & Ken Kesey (writer)

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19
Q

Leary & LSD

A

over time- ernest experiments on the potential uses of LSD transformed into parties with faculty, students & celebrities
Leary became a leader of a religious movement- called himself the “high priest”
LSD is the way to spiritual enlightenment
left Harvard in 1963

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20
Q

Ken Kesey & LSD

A

wrote One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest
hosted large parties with 100s of people in California
LSD began to make an impact on Hippie culture
started to influence music- Grateful Dead, Jefferson Airplane, Jimi Hendrix (acid rock)

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21
Q

LSD in the 60s

A

by 1960- LSD was the most controversial drug in the world
over 2 million people in the US had tried it
negative publicity- will cause chromosome damage, causes insanity, suicide, acts of violence, homicidal behavior
led to a dramatic decrease in use by 1980

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22
Q

LSD in the 90s

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A

hallucinogenic use decreased through the 1980s
started to make a comeback in the 1990s
1996- 8.8% of high schoolers reported using LSD
interest in other hallucinogens grew and generally replaced LSD
2016- 4.3% of high school seniors had used
MDMA use- 2.7%

23
Q

mechanisms of action of serotonergic hallucinogens

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A

related to the functions of serotonin
LSD, psilocybin and several others have chemical structures that resemble serotonin
generally accepted that these hallucinogens = serotonin agents
mescaline does not work with this theory

24
Q

Mescaline

Study These Flashcards
A

much more closely resembles amphetamine
but this is problematic because… mescaline also produces vivid visual hallucinations
shows cross-tolerance with LSD

25
pharmacokinetics of LSD-like drugs
all of these seem to work on serotonin receptors (5-HT2A) drugs in this class vary in potency, duration, etc.
26
pharmacokinetics of LSD
most potent 25 micrograms can produce effects through oral administration is rapidly absorbed effects are felt 20-60 min after consumption often persist 8-12 hours
27
psilocybin
dosing more difficult typically 5-10 grams are taken lasts 4-6 hours
28
mescaline
normally taken orally 5-20 "buttons" is about 1/3000 as potent as LSD duration 10-14 hours
29
psychotherapeutic uses
currently a group @ Johns Hopkins working with psilocybin- moderate doses with advanced stage cancer- reduced anxiety and depression benefits with alcohol and nicotine SUDs mechanisms are not well understood- needs to be administered by a therapist
30
common parts of a trip
vivid visual hallucinations synesthesia bizarre cognitive experiences mood alterations experiences of "magical" thinking
31
vivid visual hallucinations
spiral explosions and vortex patterns among the most frequently reported experiences also reported under specific medical conditions migraine headaches
32
synesthesia
the fusing of the senses a sound might have a particular color
33
experiences of "magical" thinking
insights, enlightenment can experience frightening things panic or paranoia can increase risk of harm to self or others often long lasting increases in sense of well-being
34
negative effects associated with LSD
being exposed to a drug without knowing it flashbacks long-term psychosis
35
being exposed to a drug without knowing it
makes bad trips more likely
36
flashbacks
reexperiencing some portion of the trip that occurred much earlier usually visual disturbance usually precipitated by stress or fatigue
37
long-term psychosis
doesn't seem to be causally linked- BUT may exacerbate other problems may interact with other drugs may make it more likely that predisposed people experience psychosis
38
methylated amphetamines
MDMA (ex. ecstasy)
39
MDMA origin
started as a drug w/ psychotherapy benefits 1990s- club drug, 1996= 4.6% of HS seniors had used it 2001= 9.2%
40
MDMA, MDA and MDE
more similar to amphetamine in their effects legal until 1985 produce few-> no visual hallucinations mild euphoria, openness, feeling of warmth and empathy, love drug, lack of defensiveness- considered more like empathogens than hallucinogens
41
effects of methylated amphetamines
usually taken orally- can be injected or snorted absorbed rapidly- 6-8 hours MDMA release sympathomimetic effects
42
MDMA release
increases release of monoamines but specifically serotonin also blocks reuptake of serotonin and dopamine- to a lesser extent
43
sympathomimetic effects of MDMA
increase HR, BP, pupil dilation, body temp, increased muscle tension, teeth grinding- bruxism, decreased appetite, insomnia MDMA more reinforcing than amphetamines, users prefer it compared to other amphetamines
44
toxicity of MDMA
toxic effects include: dehydration, heatstroke, heat exhaustion, muscle breakdown, kidney failure, stroke, seizures can occur even with relatively low doses- unclear if b/c of MDMA or additives
45
residual effects of MDMA
brain damage? Ricaurte 1985 researchers have found that MDMA does seem to reduction in serotonergic function some evidence that the system recovers after period of absence
46
Ricaurte 1985
after several administrations- rats have depletion of serotonin caused by degradation of serotonergic neuron terminals replicated in many species- including primates one large dose 20mg or small doses 5mg over consecutive days
47
psychotherapeutic uses of MDMA
enhances communicative ability and empathy- decreases defensiveness used therapeutically- client is on drug while physically in therapy PTSD- openness felt because drug leads them to discuss things they normally would not Mithoefer- found therapeutic benefits at 2 year follow up
48
dissociative anesthetic hallucinogens
phenylcyclidine- PCP ketamine
49
phenylcyclidine- PCP
1956- general tranquilizing effects left animals conscious but no feeling of pain- tranquilizer in vet practices in humans- hyperexcitability, delirium, visual disturbances emerged as a street drug in 1970s 1980s- 20% high school seniors used it 1990s- use dropped to 3% 2016- less than 1.3%
50
ketamine
often included among club drugs snorted, injected, oral, smoked started as horse tranquilizer Hopfer- over 18% of clients in treatment for substance abuse used ketamine- one of the most popular street drugs
51
effects of PCP and ketamine moderate doses
1-10 mg feeling of euphoria and numbness general motor discoordination users may be catatonic or hyperactive
52
effects of ketamine and PCP larger doses
hallucinations- feelings that different body parts and shrinking/growing- K hole paranoia and sometimes violence that lasts for several days
53
effects of ketamine and PCP long term
long term cognitive impairments far more likely- compared to LSD- create psychotic symptoms
54
dissociative anesthetic hallucinogens
psychotherapeutic uses ketamine and depression single dose of ketamine may improve unrelenting depressive symptoms within hours- results are brief, few days allows for other drugs and psychotherapy to work- buying therapist time

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